Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
190 Japan led by Tokugawa Ieyasu won a decisive victory, and Toyotomi supporters retreated to Ôsaka Castle. The third of the three unifiers, Tokugawa Ieyasu, successfully ended a long period of warfare, and established his Tokugawa shogunate in Edo (present-day Tokyo). In 1614 Tokugawa Hidetada signed a peace treaty with Toyotomi Hideyori, according to which the moats and obstructions around Ôsaka Castle were to be removed. A year later, Tokugawa forces attacked Ôsaka Castle and set it on fire as Hideyori and his mother committed seppuku. Under the Tokugawa regime Japan finally enjoyed a long period of internal peace that drastically changed the characteristics of the Japanese samurai. Samurai had been uprooted from the countryside, had lost their landed estates, and were placed in urban areas. It was during that time that the ideal image of the samurai based on Confucian thought was promoted, schools of martial discipline became popular, and the foundation of martial lineages by experienced able warriors became common. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate there were hundreds of established martial lineages in the form of organized schools, some of which enjoyed official patronage by the bakufu and daimyo. Since the great social and political reforms of the Meiji Restoration (1868), some martial traditions have become extinct, others have been further divided into branches, and still other schools have made a successful transition to sport competition. Weapons and Technology The arsenal of the Japanese warrior included a wide variety of bladed weapons, bows, chain weapons, stick and staff, firearms, concealed weapons, tools, projectiles, explosives, poisons, and many specialized weapons for specific purposes. The appearance of these weapons coincided with technological developments such as the casting of iron and the use of wood-processing methods, while other weapons were developed as a result of contacts with foreign cultures. Other reasons for the appearance of certain weapons were social and political changes that resulted in the intensification of warfare, or political stability, which reduced warfare to police duties. Perhaps the most well known among Japanese weapons is the curved single-edged sword (the main types of which include the tachi, the katana, the kodachi, and the wakizashi), which has always symbolized the soul and spirit of the Japanese warrior. It has been in use in warfare from the earliest Japanese civilization until the modern period. Iron-casting technology necessary for the production of swords was introduced to Japan from the continent in the Yayoi period, during which there was intensive social stratification and state formation. Knowledge of iron casting was crucial for those local chieftains competing for power, who at the same time sought to
improve their arsenal of weapons using that technology. Consequently, even more important than swords, Japanese smiths forged other bladed weapons such as the yari (spear), naginata (halberd), and bisentô (great halberd), which were far more effective as battlefield weapons. Furthermore, blades for pole-arms were easier to manufacture, since they did not require the same cumbersome process as making a sword blade, the blades were usually smaller in size (thus requiring less iron), and the fittings that accompanied the blade were reduced to bare wood with minimal reinforcement parts. They thus took a shorter time to produce and allowed for mass production. Picture scrolls from the Heian period, such as the Former Nine Years War Picture Scroll and the Latter Three Years War Picture Scroll, depict warriors wielding naginata or yari, but portray a considerably smaller number of sword-wielding warriors. The technology for producing blades is said to have reached its highest level during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, but since then not much has changed. In fact, contemporary sword makers proudly claim to have retained the knowledge of sword making that was used in the early medieval period. In that sense, blade making has become a matter of mastery of a technology that has been frozen in time. It is also perhaps one among very few unique examples of technology that has taken on a sacred, religious character, requiring the blade maker to follow a purification ritual that is meant to complement the mundane nature of technology in order to produce a superior blade. Nevertheless, some changes have occurred in the making of swords; during the sixteenth century when swords were in high demand for local use (due to internal countrywide strife) or for export to the continent, the number of blade makers grew while the quality dropped. The political stability and social changes that followed the end of a period of civil war in the early seventeenth century resulted in a significant reduction in the production of naginata and yari blades while promoting a new style of sword. Somewhat similar to the development of blade technology was the production of bows as the primary weapon until the medieval period. It is impossible to examine bows that were produced prior to the Heian period simply because bamboo, the material used for making the bows, could not have survived the forces of nature. Yet, from sketches and drawings found in picture scrolls, as well as by examining bows from later periods, we can confirm that the design of the bow and the technology used for making it have changed very little if at all since they were first produced. In the Obusuma Saburô Picture Scroll from the Kamakura period, a depiction of warriors stringing a bow indicates that nothing much has changed since then in the manner of setting the bow and shooting arrows. Neither the relatively peaceful Kamakura period nor the chaotic Sengoku period had Japan 191
- Page 160 and 161: In any event, one should probably n
- Page 162 and 163: 142 Gladiators in every province of
- Page 164 and 165: 144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
- Page 166 and 167: 146 Gladiators The question, of cou
- Page 168 and 169: 148 Gongfu Although providing marti
- Page 170 and 171: A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
- Page 172 and 173: 152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
- Page 174 and 175: 154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
- Page 177 and 178: Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
- Page 179 and 180: and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
- Page 181 and 182: ecome other thoughts. In combat app
- Page 183 and 184: this ideology by a word meaning “
- Page 185 and 186: largely the creation of heralds, wh
- Page 187 and 188: Christendom gradually acquired the
- Page 189 and 190: Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
- Page 191 and 192: the imaginary blood is flicked off
- Page 193 and 194: Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage
- Page 195 and 196: for infantry; and for wrestling), a
- Page 197 and 198: named after dynamic animals such as
- Page 199 and 200: Japan The historical development an
- Page 201 and 202: Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
- Page 203 and 204: egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
- Page 205 and 206: of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
- Page 207 and 208: winds that blew the invading armada
- Page 209: would be punished. The kenka ryô s
- Page 213 and 214: fact, some of these weapons were co
- Page 215 and 216: The periodic emphasis on the ideal
- Page 217 and 218: of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
- Page 219 and 220: Berry, Marry Elizabeth. 1994. The C
- Page 221 and 222: Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
- Page 223 and 224: for I strongly object to formality,
- Page 225 and 226: searched and experimented with othe
- Page 227 and 228: Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
- Page 229 and 230: In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
- Page 231 and 232: the “all-pervading” jûdô prin
- Page 233 and 234: Naturally, it was immediately compa
- Page 235 and 236: (jûdô practitioner). Older system
- Page 237: ———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
- Page 240 and 241: 220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
- Page 242 and 243: 222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
- Page 244 and 245: 224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
- Page 246 and 247: Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
- Page 248 and 249: 228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
- Page 250 and 251: 230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
- Page 252 and 253: 232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
- Page 254 and 255: 234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
- Page 256 and 257: 236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
- Page 258 and 259: 238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
190 Japan<br />
led by Tokugawa Ieyasu won a decisive victory, and Toyotomi supporters<br />
retreated to Ôsaka Castle. <strong>The</strong> third of the three unifiers, Tokugawa<br />
Ieyasu, successfully ended a long period of warfare, and established his<br />
Tokugawa shogunate in Edo (present-day Tokyo). In 1614 Tokugawa<br />
Hidetada signed a peace treaty with Toyotomi Hideyori, according to<br />
which the moats and obstructions around Ôsaka Castle were to be removed.<br />
A year later, Tokugawa forces attacked Ôsaka Castle and set it on<br />
fire as Hideyori and his mother committed seppuku.<br />
Under the Tokugawa regime Japan finally enjoyed a long period of internal<br />
peace that drastically changed the characteristics of the Japanese<br />
samurai. Samurai had been uprooted from the countryside, had lost their<br />
landed estates, and were placed in urban areas. It was during that time that<br />
the ideal image of the samurai based on Confucian thought was promoted,<br />
schools of martial discipline became popular, and the foundation of martial<br />
lineages by experienced able warriors became common. By the end of<br />
the Tokugawa shogunate there were hundreds of established martial lineages<br />
in the form of organized schools, some of which enjoyed official patronage<br />
by the bakufu and daimyo. Since the great social and political reforms<br />
of the Meiji Restoration (1868), some martial traditions have<br />
become extinct, others have been further divided into branches, and still<br />
other schools have made a successful transition to sport competition.<br />
Weapons and Technology<br />
<strong>The</strong> arsenal of the Japanese warrior included a wide variety of bladed<br />
weapons, bows, chain weapons, stick and staff, firearms, concealed<br />
weapons, tools, projectiles, explosives, poisons, and many specialized<br />
weapons for specific purposes. <strong>The</strong> appearance of these weapons coincided<br />
with technological developments such as the casting of iron and the use of<br />
wood-processing methods, while other weapons were developed as a result<br />
of contacts with foreign cultures. Other reasons for the appearance of certain<br />
weapons were social and political changes that resulted in the intensification<br />
of warfare, or political stability, which reduced warfare to police<br />
duties.<br />
Perhaps the most well known among Japanese weapons is the curved<br />
single-edged sword (the main types of which include the tachi, the katana,<br />
the kodachi, and the wakizashi), which has always symbolized the soul and<br />
spirit of the Japanese warrior. It has been in use in warfare from the earliest<br />
Japanese civilization until the modern period. Iron-casting technology<br />
necessary for the production of swords was introduced to Japan from the<br />
continent in the Yayoi period, during which there was intensive social stratification<br />
and state formation. Knowledge of iron casting was crucial for<br />
those local chieftains competing for power, who at the same time sought to