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172 Iaidô benefit the players. Their opponents will suggest that the benefits of martial arts are quite different and that they are incompatible with the benefits derived from competition. Kim Taylor See also Japan; Kendô; Sword, Japanese; Swordsmanship, Japanese References Budden, Paul. 1992. Looking at a Far Mountain: A Study of Kendô Kata. London: Ward Lock. Craig, Darrell. 1988. Iai: The Art of Drawing the Sword. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle. Draeger, Donn F. 1974. The Martial Arts and Ways of Japan. 3 vols. New York: Weatherhill. Finn, Michael. 1982. Iaido: The Way of the Sword. London: Paul H. Compton. ———. 1984. Jodô: The Way of the Stick. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. ———. 1985. Kendô No Kata: Forms of Japanese Kendô. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. Fujii, Okimitsu. 1987. ZNKR Seitei Iai. London: Kenseikai Publications. Hoff, Feliks F. 1983. Iai-Do: Blitzschnell die Waffe Ziehen und Treffen. Berlin: Verlag Weinmann. Krieger, Pascal. 1989. Jodô: The Way of the Stick. Gland, Switzerland: Sopha Diffusion SA. Lowry, Dave. 1986. Bokken: Art of the Japanese Sword. Burbank, CA: Ohara Publications. Masayoshi, Shigeru Nakajima. 1983. Bugei Ju-Happan: The Spirit of Samurai. Tokyo: G.O. Maynard, Russell. 1986. Tanto: Japanese Knives and Knife Fighting. Burbank, CA: Unique Publications. Mitani, Yoshiaki. 1986. Muso Jikiden Eishin Ryû. Tokyo: Kendô Nihon. Nalda, Jose Santos. 1986. Iaido—Todas las Bases y los Katas Exigidos para Cinto Negro. Barcelona: Editorial APas. Obata, Toshishiro. 1987. Crimson Steel: The Sword Technique of the Samurai. Westlake Village, CA: Dragon Enterprises. ———. 1986. Naked Blade: A Manual of Samurai Swordsmanship. Westlake Village, CA: Dragon Enterprises. Otake, Ritsuke. 1978. The Deity and the Sword. Trans. by Donn F. Draeger, Terue Shinozuka, and Kyoichiro Nunokawa. 3 vols. Tokyo: Minato Research and Publishing. Reilly, Robin L. 1989. Japan’s Complete Fighting System—Shin Kage Ryû. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle. Sasamori, Junzo, and G. Warner. 1964. This Is Kendô. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle. Suino, Nicholas. 1994. Eishin-Ryû Iaidô: Manual of Traditional, Japanese Swordsmanship. New York: Weatherhill. ———. 1995. Practice Drills for Japanese Swordsmanship. New York: Weatherhill. Taylor, Kim. 1987–1995. The Iaido Newsletter. Guelph, Ontario: Sei Do Kai. ———. 1992, 1994. Kim’s Big Book of Iaido. 5 vols. Guelph, Ontario: Sei Do Kai. Warner, Gordon, and Donn F. Draeger. 1982. Japanese Swordsmanship. New York: Weatherhill.
Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage-ryû Sword Techniques, Traditional Japanese Martial Arts. Trans. by Ronald Balsom. 2 vols. Tokyo: Sugawara Martial Arts Institute. Yukawa, Yoshi. 1990. Japanska Svard. Stockholm: Berghs. Zen Nippon Kendô Renmei. 1990. Zen Nippon Kendô Renmei Iai. Tokyo: Kendô Nihon. India Martial arts have existed on the South Asian subcontinent since antiquity. Two traditions have shaped the history, development, culture, and practice of extant South Asian martial arts—the Tamil (Dravidian) tradition and the Sanskrit Dhanur Veda tradition. The early Tamil Sangam “heroic” poetry informs us that between the fourth century B.C. and A.D. 600 a warlike, martial spirit predominated across southern India. Each warrior received “regular military training” in target practice and horse riding, and specialized in use of one or more weapons, such as lance or spear (vel), sword (val) and shield (kedaham), and bow (vil) and arrow (Subramanian 1966, 143–144). The heroic warriors assumed that power (ananku) was not transcendent, but immanent, capricious, and potentially malevolent (Hart 1975, 26, 81). War was considered a sacrifice of honor, and memorial stones were erected to fallen heroic kings and warriors whose manifest power could be permanently worshipped by their community and ancestors (Hart 1975, 137; Kailasapathy 1968, 235)—a tradition witnessed today in the propitiation of local medieval martial heroes in the popular teyyam cult of northern Kerala. The Sanskrit Dhanur Vedic tradition was one of eighteen traditional branches of knowledge. Although the name “Dhanur Veda” (science/ knowledge of archery) reflects the fact that the bow and arrow were considered the supreme weapons, the tradition included all fighting arts from empty-hand grappling techniques to use of many weapons. Knowledge of the Dhanur Vedic tradition is recorded in the two great Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, whose vivid scenes describe how princely heroes obtain and use their humanly or divinely acquired skills and powers to defeat their enemies. They train in martial techniques under the tutelage of great gurus like the Brahman master Drona, practice austerities and meditation giving one access to subtle powers, and may receive a gift or a boon of magical powers from a god. A variety of paradigms of martial practice and power are reflected in the epics, from the strong, brutish Bhima who depends on his physical strength to crush his foes with grappling techniques or his mighty mace, to the “unsurpassable” Arjuna who uses his subtle accomplishments in meditation to achieve superior powers to conquer his enemies with his bow and arrow. The only extant Dhanur Vedic text—chapters 249 through 252 of the India 173
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
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Editorial Board D’Arcy Jonathan D
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Bill Adams Director, Bill Adams Fit
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Kimberley Taylor University of Guel
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xvi Introduction the sword” in Eu
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xviii Introduction References Frida
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Africa and African America Although
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a range of up to 80 meters. The wou
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the competitors. In this respect, t
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Beginning in 1415, after the Portug
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Many African combat systems relied
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as a result of similar circumstance
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eturn strike; rather, the practitio
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Ranking in most aikidô dôjô is b
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The magic monkey Songoku from a Chi
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A young woman aims at a barrel of s
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See also Kendô; Religion and Spiri
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Baguazhang is closely associated wi
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26 Bandô ———. 1984. The Mast
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Chinese children in a martial arts
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A modern picture of a Buddhist mona
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32 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles L
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A 74-year-old Buddhist monk practic
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Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
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38 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles h
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40 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles m
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42 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles (
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44 Boxing, European See also Animal
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46 Boxing, European marked the end
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48 Boxing, European If there is one
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50 Boxing, European practicality an
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52 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Gilbey, John
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54 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu papers his w
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56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei autono
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58 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei Meiji-
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Capoeira Capoeira is a Brazilian ma
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quiring knowledge of capoeira and t
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early 1990s. By the late 1990s capo
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The entries on archery, straight sw
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Contemporary literature provides a
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eral policies in recent years have
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Clovis, one of the earliest Frankis
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A candidate for knighthood, after s
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though the weapons were blunted, th
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wise counsel, attacked the Turkish
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and elevated courtly love to a form
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Combatives: Military and Police Mar
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during the 1870s, as did the Japane
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and 1930s, comic books and movies f
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he beat up the British Resident. Th
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And, with decolonization on the hor
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Coe, Michael D., Peter Connolly, An
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United States Army. 1992. Field Man
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98 Dueling duels in late eighteenth
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100 Dueling the upper class, but it
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102 Dueling tribal level of sociopo
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104 Dueling was equipped with a coa
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106 Dueling theories are different,
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108 Dueling See also Gunfighters; M
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110 Europe system dates to the Egyp
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An armored ninthcentury Franconian
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An old German woodcut illustrating
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116 Europe handsprings, cartwheels,
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118 Europe the art vary, it is gene
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elow the navel) by physical and spi
Page 142 and 143: 122 External vs. Internal Chinese M
Page 144 and 145: 124 Folklore in the Martial Arts la
Page 146 and 147: 126 Folklore in the Martial Arts sy
Page 148 and 149: 128 Folklore in the Martial Arts ve
Page 150 and 151: 130 Folklore in the Martial Arts a
Page 152 and 153: 132 Folklore in the Martial Arts tr
Page 154 and 155: 134 Folklore in the Martial Arts wi
Page 156 and 157: Women at an annual martial arts fes
Page 158 and 159: 138 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice
Page 160 and 161: In any event, one should probably n
Page 162 and 163: 142 Gladiators in every province of
Page 164 and 165: 144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
Page 166 and 167: 146 Gladiators The question, of cou
Page 168 and 169: 148 Gongfu Although providing marti
Page 170 and 171: A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
Page 172 and 173: 152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
Page 174 and 175: 154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
Page 177 and 178: Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
Page 179 and 180: and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
Page 181 and 182: ecome other thoughts. In combat app
Page 183 and 184: this ideology by a word meaning “
Page 185 and 186: largely the creation of heralds, wh
Page 187 and 188: Christendom gradually acquired the
Page 189 and 190: Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
Page 191: the imaginary blood is flicked off
Page 195 and 196: for infantry; and for wrestling), a
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Page 199 and 200: Japan The historical development an
Page 201 and 202: Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
Page 203 and 204: egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
Page 205 and 206: of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
Page 207 and 208: winds that blew the invading armada
Page 209 and 210: would be punished. The kenka ryô s
Page 211 and 212: improve their arsenal of weapons us
Page 213 and 214: fact, some of these weapons were co
Page 215 and 216: The periodic emphasis on the ideal
Page 217 and 218: of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
Page 219 and 220: Berry, Marry Elizabeth. 1994. The C
Page 221 and 222: Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
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Page 225 and 226: searched and experimented with othe
Page 227 and 228: Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
Page 229 and 230: In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
Page 231 and 232: the “all-pervading” jûdô prin
Page 233 and 234: Naturally, it was immediately compa
Page 235 and 236: (jûdô practitioner). Older system
Page 237: ———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
Page 240 and 241: 220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
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222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
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224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
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Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
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228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
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230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
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232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
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234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
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236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
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238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
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240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
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242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
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244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
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246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
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248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
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250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
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252 Kendô only noted fencers from
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254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
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Japanese men and women practicing K
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258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
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260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
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262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
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264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
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266 Knights tury, when the benefice
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268 Knights vided with support in t
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270 Knights adopt those hereditary
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272 Knights hope of being knighted
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274 Knights acquire dominions and f
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276 Knights which time the tourname
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278 Knights their own troop and fou
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280 Knights Germany were probably f
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282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
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284 Knights From the beginning of t
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286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
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288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
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290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
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Winners of an archery contest in Ko
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294 Korea fucianism so completely t
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296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
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298 Korea KTA and changed the name
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including Ming general Qi Jiguang
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302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
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304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
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306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
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Krav Maga practitioners are taught
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powerless for a few seconds while t
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Krav maga has been called the “fi
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Two young women demonstrate Chinese
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318 Masters of Defence and-death en
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320 Masters of Defence “Masters o
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322 Masters of Defence ing both in
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324 Masters of Defence naissance sp
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326 Masters of Defence the classic
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328 Medicine, Traditional Chinese f
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330 Medicine, Traditional Chinese s
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332 Medicine, Traditional Chinese o
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334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
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A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
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338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
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340 Middle East ture battles. The c
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342 Middle East The oil obviously m
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344 Mongolia to gain punching power
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Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
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348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
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350 Muay Thai Sinor, Denis. 1990. T
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352 Muay Thai (Praditbatuga 2000).
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354 Muay Thai Ron Smith emphasizes
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356 Ninjutsu ninja boom that spread
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358 Ninjutsu Nobunaga in Kyoto in 1
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360 Ninjutsu out fatigue, breath co
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Okinawa Okinawa means a “rope in
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Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
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source in Okinawa. The family opera
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A meeting of a branch of the Knight
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it one of the largest and most wide
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the Teutonic Knights of the Hospita
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in 1211 and had just been expelled
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the Knightly Order of St. George, f
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tallers of St. John wore a habit an
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some places grand priories, includi
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cipline was enforced by written reg
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though they normally included men f
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emony (principally the Knights of t
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and Order of the Young Male Falcon,
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took it upon themselves to promote
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Castilian court. Before he could co
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William, and St. George of the Peli
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cieties. One order—that of the Sh
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order in 1344, there can be little
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minion or domain, the monarchical o
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404 Pacific Islands to fight well t
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406 Pacific Islands was developed f
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408 Pacific Islands Hawaiians inclu
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410 Pankration References Balent, M
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412 Pankration feet were permitted.
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414 Pankration dent hit correctly,
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416 Pankration With the explosion o
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An opera singer in full costume wav
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420 Performing Arts can be impossib
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422 Philippines now internationally
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Warrior tribesmen of the Philippine
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426 Philippines his people. Althoug
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428 Philippines Also in the first c
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430 Philippines While the sixth cat
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432 Philippines curer (seruhana, ar
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434 Philippines Besides reasons of
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A painting of a burning station and
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A photo of the Ghost Dance of the A
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440 Political Conflict and the Mart
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442 Political Conflict and the Mart
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Karate, Okinawan, 240 K
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A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
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Taekwondo students wear colored bel
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for every battle, but whenever a ma
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century the cross was introduced wh
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the mobilization of an expedition t
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desire of Christian princes to main
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The martial arts probably more ofte
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Shaolin Monastery, established in A
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ing on boxing to try to bring it up
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See also Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, C
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An Indian miniature of the defeat o
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In terms of formalized religious pr
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from these austerities is thought t
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Sutra of Patanjali, give scant ment
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Religion and Spiritual Development:
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tention to the relationships among
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from firsthand knowledge of their o
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spread throughout the world. It rea
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ity just as warriors (bushi [24]) o
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To counter the influence of the Bri
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Herrigel spoke each other’s langu
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Japan. Variation by region and soci
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to deliver the labor and taxes dema
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and gods and all creatures. Success
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Aside from magical spells, the alch
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Over time, the Confucian ideals pro
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a means of acquiring status. Lackin
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498 Religion and Spiritual Developm
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Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
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Sambo Sambo is an acronym (in Russi
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A crowd intently watches a wrestlin
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Upravlenije; State Intelligence Age
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In addition to this ranking system,
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A portrait of three men in Japan dr
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Godaigo, issued a call to arms agai
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Mass, Jeffrey P. 1989. Lordship and
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style. One should note that at this
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teach the techniques and logic of a
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are launched from very low stances,
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acteristics in regional styles of p
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gion of Indonesia and most of the p
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nese martial arts. The latter theor
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Medieval judicial combat, trial by
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“Philopoemen,” the Roman morali
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References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sw
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The earliest history of the region
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een effected. Struggles between Sia
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tions, silat has been an element of
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An advertisement for Burmese boxing
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and unlike contemporary Krabi krabo
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modeled on the spurring talons of t
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Ryan, N. J. 1976. A History of Mala
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English actor, producer, and direct
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moves, the actors and the choreogra
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a gibbet immediately outside the li
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lades being replaced by an ash stic
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techniques have been part of savate
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tises that stickfighting competitio
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Dressed in traditional garb, sword-
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As a result of the first invasion,
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Zen masters, however, did not thems
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strength, stamina, and ferociousnes
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and actively, defensively and offen
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to stand up against increasingly he
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there were three principal actions
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to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Re
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the period clearly demonstrates tha
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sponse to the use of cut-and-thrust
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the late Renaissance as a personal
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classical fencing and sport fencing
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evolved over more than two thousand
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(third-fifth centuries A.D.), when
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A color woodblock print of a duel b
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Another form subscribed to combat s
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tainment that belongs in samurai mo
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen
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through their perceptions, understa
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T’aek’kyŏn T’aek’kyŏn is
Page 635 and 636:
distinct identity, with a common fo
Page 637 and 638:
Each t’aek’kyŏn association in
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Side kick delivered by Miss Kim, ca
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In 1955, General Choi Hong-Hi, know
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ing, as it is successful kicks that
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plexus, and ribs; and groin protect
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emphasis is placed on tournament fi
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Group practice of taijiquan in Beij
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Yang Chengfu made the form smooth,
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powerful larger, sweeping, striking
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tablished. The earth’s energy/for
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Choreographed two-person sets are a
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———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
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Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
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Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
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Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
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martial art. As a result, its metho
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Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
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and those warriors who possess this
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Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
Page 675 and 676:
Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
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Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
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in this system. There are three set
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One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
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vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
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1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
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senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
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660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
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666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
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A depiction of the mighty female wa
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670 Women in the Martial Arts About
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672 Women in the Martial Arts About
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674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
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676 Women in the Martial Arts named
Page 708 and 709:
678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
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680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
Page 712 and 713:
682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
Page 714 and 715:
Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
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Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
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participation and success by women
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A woman in Beijing performing a wus
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692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
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Page 726 and 727:
Page 728 and 729:
Page 730 and 731:
Page 732 and 733:
Page 734 and 735:
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706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
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Page 746 and 747:
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720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
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728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
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736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
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738 Wrestling, Professional Russian
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740 Wrestling, Professional les and
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742 Wrestling, Professional 1987 th
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744 Wrestling, Professional Editors
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746 Written Texts: China ual change
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748 Written Texts: China See also B
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750 Written Texts: India of local m
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752 Written Texts: India Beginning
Page 784 and 785:
754 Written Texts: India sourcebook
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756 Written Texts: India skritized
Page 788 and 789:
758 Written Texts: Japan Hart, Geor
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Early-fourteenth-century scroll fra
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762 Written Texts: Japan ture of he
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764 Written Texts: Japan of them ha
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766 Written Texts: Japan inkblots w
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768 Written Texts: Japan the develo
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770 Written Texts: Japan Suzuki, Da
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772 Written Texts: Japan
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Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) Of th
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A student practices xingyiquan at t
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Tang, Sun Lu. 1993. Xing Yi Quan Xu
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Undated photo of the legendary Gran
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784 Yongchun/Wing Chun changer). Ch
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786 Yongchun/Wing Chun Green, Thoma
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About 1500 B.C. Near the ford at Ja
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About 460 B.C. The Hellenic histori
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141 cont. animals themselves, the a
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Eighth century Vishnaivite monks li
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Tenth century A Punjabi weaver call
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1077 The Song-dynasty scholar Zhao
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1191 Chinese mathematicians start e
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About 1345 cont. on the fifth hour
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1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in
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About 1540 East Asian patent medici
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1570 By doing single backward aeria
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1624 Needing sugar to make their gi
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1671 cont. tradition his discussion
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About 1755 Toward reducing the risk
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1780 cont. though they worked well,
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About 1830 Irish immigrants introdu
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1858 On October 13, an Austin, Texa
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1881 The Japanese army replaces neo
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1911 soldier with patriotic conform
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1932 An El Paso saddler named Sam M
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1952 cont. progress. Therefore the
Page 860 and 861:
Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler
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Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. 199
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Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The
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Runciman, Stephen. 1980. The First
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AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA
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and spiritual development: Japan Ar
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Bond, James, 89 Bonebreaking (hakih
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Cambodia, 541-542 history of, 541-5
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Choi Yong-Shul, 157, 159, 160, 296
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Dandi, 176 Dang Vu Hy, 652 Dangals,
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Espada y daga, 560 Espinosa, Leo, 5
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Fundai, 188 Funeral games, 788 Fune
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Guts Muths, Johann, 816 Gymnasiums,
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and dueling, 99-100 and social uses
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and battle, engaging in, 193 and Br
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303, 445-446, 478-479, 768, 822, 82
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Kobayashi Seiko, 702 Kobudô, 823 K
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Emperor Li Tsun-I, 23-24 Li Yiyu, 6
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May Day, 801 Maybray, John C., 738
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Motobu Chôyû, 258, 365 Motte, Mad
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Nomi-no-Sukune, 729 Nonaction (wuwe
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Oshchepkov, Vasilij Sergevich, 88,
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Popes and dueling, 105 Popular pres
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Ring names, 808 Ringeck, Sigmund, 3
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Self-Defense Krav Maga, 310 Self-De
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Song Shuming, 824 Song Tŏk-ki, 604
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and gladiators, 142 in Japan, 478-4
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Temple guardians, 794 Temple of Ang
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Tyrs, Miroslav, 820 Tyson, Mike, 74
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Weapons and Africa, 1-3 and aikidô
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and tournaments, 706 and training,
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Yang Aner, 691 Yang Banhou, 620-621
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About the Author Thomas A. Green ea
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