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162 “Hard” Chinese Martial Arts rea and Japan. A director (kwang jang nin) attends to the managing affairs of the school, while an instructor (sabunim) oversees regular instruction. Nearly all Hapkidô organizations have adopted a hierarchy of ascending student (guep) ranks numbering ten through one and usually assigned a belt color indicative of rank. Individuals committed to continued study, following completion of the student ranks, are assigned a rank of one through seven indicating various levels of competence and designated by a black belt. Ranks eight, nine, and ten are essentially administrative positions. Consistent with the use of a Confucian educational model, criteria for advancement, testing policies, certification, and licensing vary greatly from organization to organization and are regularly a source of negotiation and discussion in the Hapkidô community regarding significance and relative merit. Bruce Sims See also Aikidô; Korea; Taekwondo; T’aek’kyŏn References Kim Sang H. 2000. The Comprehensive Illustrated Manual of Martial Arts of Ancient Korea. Hartford, CT: Turtle Press. Kimm He-Young. 1991. Hapkidô. Baton Rouge, LA: Andrew Jackson College Press. Lee Joo Bang. 1979. The Ancient Martial Art of HwaRangDo. 3 vols. Burbank, CA: Ohara Publications. Lee Ki-Baik. 1984. A New History of Korea. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Lee Peter H. 1993. Sources of Korean Civilization. 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press. Myung Kwang-Shik. 1982. Hapkidô: Ancient Art of Masters. Seoul: World Hapkidô Federation. Omiya Shiro. 1992. The Hidden Roots of Aikido. Tokyo: Kodansha International. Suh In Hyuk. 1987. Kuk Sool. Privately published. Yang Jwing-ming. 1992. Analysis of Shaolin Ch’in na. Jamaica Plain, MA: YMAA Publication Center. “Hard” Chinese Martial Arts See External vs. Internal Chinese Martial Arts Heralds Like most other warrior orders known to history, the knightly nobility of Latin Christendom that flourished from the later twelfth to the early seventeenth centuries developed a distinctive ideology reflective of its peculiar nature and traditions, and largely embodied in the cycles of quasi-historical romances centered on the courts of Alexander, Caesar, Charlemagne, or (most commonly) Arthur of Britain. Contemporaries usually referred to
this ideology by a word meaning “knightliness”: in Old and Middle French, chevalerie, and in English, chivalry. Like some other comparable ideologies, chivalry came to be served by an order of ministers who grew up with it, became experts in all of its aspects, and converted it into a kind of secular religion in rivalry with the Catholic Christianity that was officially practiced by all of its votaries. The most general name given to the ministers of chivalry was “herald,” a title of unknown origin first attested in France ca. 1170 (in the form heralt) and soon adopted in most of the other languages of Latin Christendom. It was first applied to men who specialized in matters associated with the tournament, a type of knightly team sport invented in France ca. 1050, and slowly converted between about 1180 and 1220 from a wild and dangerous form of mock battle into a carefully regulated game that was set within festivities designed to celebrate and promote the new ideology of chivalry. In documents heralds were at first closely associated with minstrels, and heraldie, or heraldry (as their craft came to be called), may probably be seen as an offshoot of minstrelsy. During a tournament the heralds present (at first quite numerous) announced the combatants as they entered the field, heaped praise upon their past performances, and discussed their merits with fellow heralds and spectators while each combat was in progress. Like minstrels, they were at first hired for the occasion, and followed the tournament circuit along with the newly knighted “youths” and other, older knights who found they could make a profit from the sport. They were probably paid both by the organizers of the tournament and by the knights whose deeds they praised—often in the form of songs they composed, in the manner of minstrels. By the early thirteenth century, the duties of heralds seem to have multiplied, and some, at least, had acquired a more steady form of employment in the households of the princes who alone could afford to hold the grandiose sort of tournament that had come to be fashionable. In any case princes had begun to use them as messengers in matters related to tournaments, and sent them forth with some regularity to proclaim tournaments at various courts, royal and baronial, throughout France, the Holy Roman Empire, and even the lands beyond these. Having delivered the challenge, they returned with the replies of those challenged, and accompanied their master to the place appointed for the combat. As tournaments were officially banned in England until 1194, it is unlikely that heralds were active there before that date. In fact there is no mention of heralds in English records before the accession of Edward I in 1272, but from at least that date, and probably from 1194, English heralds carried out the same range of functions as their Continental namesakes. Heralds soon acquired several new areas of expertise. Their need to Heralds 163
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
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Editorial Board D’Arcy Jonathan D
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Bill Adams Director, Bill Adams Fit
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Kimberley Taylor University of Guel
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xvi Introduction the sword” in Eu
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xviii Introduction References Frida
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Africa and African America Although
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a range of up to 80 meters. The wou
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the competitors. In this respect, t
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Beginning in 1415, after the Portug
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Many African combat systems relied
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as a result of similar circumstance
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eturn strike; rather, the practitio
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Ranking in most aikidô dôjô is b
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The magic monkey Songoku from a Chi
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A young woman aims at a barrel of s
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See also Kendô; Religion and Spiri
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Baguazhang is closely associated wi
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26 Bandô ———. 1984. The Mast
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Chinese children in a martial arts
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A modern picture of a Buddhist mona
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32 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles L
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A 74-year-old Buddhist monk practic
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Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
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38 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles h
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40 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles m
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42 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles (
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44 Boxing, European See also Animal
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46 Boxing, European marked the end
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48 Boxing, European If there is one
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50 Boxing, European practicality an
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52 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Gilbey, John
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54 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu papers his w
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56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei autono
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58 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei Meiji-
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Capoeira Capoeira is a Brazilian ma
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quiring knowledge of capoeira and t
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early 1990s. By the late 1990s capo
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The entries on archery, straight sw
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Contemporary literature provides a
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eral policies in recent years have
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Clovis, one of the earliest Frankis
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A candidate for knighthood, after s
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though the weapons were blunted, th
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wise counsel, attacked the Turkish
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and elevated courtly love to a form
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Combatives: Military and Police Mar
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during the 1870s, as did the Japane
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and 1930s, comic books and movies f
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he beat up the British Resident. Th
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And, with decolonization on the hor
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Coe, Michael D., Peter Connolly, An
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United States Army. 1992. Field Man
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98 Dueling duels in late eighteenth
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100 Dueling the upper class, but it
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102 Dueling tribal level of sociopo
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104 Dueling was equipped with a coa
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106 Dueling theories are different,
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108 Dueling See also Gunfighters; M
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110 Europe system dates to the Egyp
Page 132 and 133: An armored ninthcentury Franconian
Page 134 and 135: An old German woodcut illustrating
Page 136 and 137: 116 Europe handsprings, cartwheels,
Page 138 and 139: 118 Europe the art vary, it is gene
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Page 142 and 143: 122 External vs. Internal Chinese M
Page 144 and 145: 124 Folklore in the Martial Arts la
Page 146 and 147: 126 Folklore in the Martial Arts sy
Page 148 and 149: 128 Folklore in the Martial Arts ve
Page 150 and 151: 130 Folklore in the Martial Arts a
Page 152 and 153: 132 Folklore in the Martial Arts tr
Page 154 and 155: 134 Folklore in the Martial Arts wi
Page 156 and 157: Women at an annual martial arts fes
Page 158 and 159: 138 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice
Page 160 and 161: In any event, one should probably n
Page 162 and 163: 142 Gladiators in every province of
Page 164 and 165: 144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
Page 166 and 167: 146 Gladiators The question, of cou
Page 168 and 169: 148 Gongfu Although providing marti
Page 170 and 171: A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
Page 172 and 173: 152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
Page 174 and 175: 154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
Page 177 and 178: Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
Page 179 and 180: and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
Page 181: ecome other thoughts. In combat app
Page 185 and 186: largely the creation of heralds, wh
Page 187 and 188: Christendom gradually acquired the
Page 189 and 190: Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
Page 191 and 192: the imaginary blood is flicked off
Page 193 and 194: Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage
Page 195 and 196: for infantry; and for wrestling), a
Page 197 and 198: named after dynamic animals such as
Page 199 and 200: Japan The historical development an
Page 201 and 202: Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
Page 203 and 204: egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
Page 205 and 206: of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
Page 207 and 208: winds that blew the invading armada
Page 209 and 210: would be punished. The kenka ryô s
Page 211 and 212: improve their arsenal of weapons us
Page 213 and 214: fact, some of these weapons were co
Page 215 and 216: The periodic emphasis on the ideal
Page 217 and 218: of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
Page 219 and 220: Berry, Marry Elizabeth. 1994. The C
Page 221 and 222: Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
Page 223 and 224: for I strongly object to formality,
Page 225 and 226: searched and experimented with othe
Page 227 and 228: Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
Page 229 and 230: In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
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Naturally, it was immediately compa
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(jûdô practitioner). Older system
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———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
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220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
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222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
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224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
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Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
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228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
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230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
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232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
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234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
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236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
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238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
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240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
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242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
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244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
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246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
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248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
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250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
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252 Kendô only noted fencers from
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254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
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Japanese men and women practicing K
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258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
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260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
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262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
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264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
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266 Knights tury, when the benefice
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268 Knights vided with support in t
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270 Knights adopt those hereditary
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272 Knights hope of being knighted
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274 Knights acquire dominions and f
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276 Knights which time the tourname
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278 Knights their own troop and fou
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280 Knights Germany were probably f
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282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
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284 Knights From the beginning of t
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286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
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288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
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290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
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Winners of an archery contest in Ko
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294 Korea fucianism so completely t
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296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
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298 Korea KTA and changed the name
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including Ming general Qi Jiguang
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302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
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304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
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306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
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Krav Maga practitioners are taught
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powerless for a few seconds while t
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Krav maga has been called the “fi
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Two young women demonstrate Chinese
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318 Masters of Defence and-death en
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320 Masters of Defence “Masters o
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322 Masters of Defence ing both in
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324 Masters of Defence naissance sp
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326 Masters of Defence the classic
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328 Medicine, Traditional Chinese f
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330 Medicine, Traditional Chinese s
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332 Medicine, Traditional Chinese o
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334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
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A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
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338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
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340 Middle East ture battles. The c
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342 Middle East The oil obviously m
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344 Mongolia to gain punching power
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Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
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348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
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350 Muay Thai Sinor, Denis. 1990. T
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352 Muay Thai (Praditbatuga 2000).
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354 Muay Thai Ron Smith emphasizes
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356 Ninjutsu ninja boom that spread
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358 Ninjutsu Nobunaga in Kyoto in 1
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360 Ninjutsu out fatigue, breath co
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Okinawa Okinawa means a “rope in
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Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
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source in Okinawa. The family opera
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A meeting of a branch of the Knight
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it one of the largest and most wide
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the Teutonic Knights of the Hospita
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in 1211 and had just been expelled
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the Knightly Order of St. George, f
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tallers of St. John wore a habit an
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some places grand priories, includi
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cipline was enforced by written reg
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though they normally included men f
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emony (principally the Knights of t
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and Order of the Young Male Falcon,
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took it upon themselves to promote
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Castilian court. Before he could co
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William, and St. George of the Peli
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cieties. One order—that of the Sh
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order in 1344, there can be little
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minion or domain, the monarchical o
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404 Pacific Islands to fight well t
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406 Pacific Islands was developed f
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408 Pacific Islands Hawaiians inclu
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410 Pankration References Balent, M
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412 Pankration feet were permitted.
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414 Pankration dent hit correctly,
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416 Pankration With the explosion o
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An opera singer in full costume wav
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420 Performing Arts can be impossib
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422 Philippines now internationally
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Warrior tribesmen of the Philippine
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426 Philippines his people. Althoug
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428 Philippines Also in the first c
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430 Philippines While the sixth cat
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432 Philippines curer (seruhana, ar
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434 Philippines Besides reasons of
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A painting of a burning station and
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A photo of the Ghost Dance of the A
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440 Political Conflict and the Mart
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442 Political Conflict and the Mart
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Karate, Okinawan, 240 K
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A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
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Taekwondo students wear colored bel
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for every battle, but whenever a ma
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century the cross was introduced wh
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the mobilization of an expedition t
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desire of Christian princes to main
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The martial arts probably more ofte
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Shaolin Monastery, established in A
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ing on boxing to try to bring it up
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See also Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, C
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An Indian miniature of the defeat o
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In terms of formalized religious pr
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from these austerities is thought t
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Sutra of Patanjali, give scant ment
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Religion and Spiritual Development:
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tention to the relationships among
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from firsthand knowledge of their o
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spread throughout the world. It rea
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ity just as warriors (bushi [24]) o
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To counter the influence of the Bri
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Herrigel spoke each other’s langu
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Japan. Variation by region and soci
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to deliver the labor and taxes dema
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and gods and all creatures. Success
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Aside from magical spells, the alch
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Over time, the Confucian ideals pro
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a means of acquiring status. Lackin
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498 Religion and Spiritual Developm
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Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
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Sambo Sambo is an acronym (in Russi
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A crowd intently watches a wrestlin
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Upravlenije; State Intelligence Age
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In addition to this ranking system,
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A portrait of three men in Japan dr
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Godaigo, issued a call to arms agai
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Mass, Jeffrey P. 1989. Lordship and
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style. One should note that at this
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teach the techniques and logic of a
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are launched from very low stances,
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acteristics in regional styles of p
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gion of Indonesia and most of the p
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nese martial arts. The latter theor
Page 563 and 564:
Medieval judicial combat, trial by
Page 565 and 566:
“Philopoemen,” the Roman morali
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References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sw
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The earliest history of the region
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een effected. Struggles between Sia
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tions, silat has been an element of
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An advertisement for Burmese boxing
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and unlike contemporary Krabi krabo
Page 579 and 580:
modeled on the spurring talons of t
Page 581 and 582:
Ryan, N. J. 1976. A History of Mala
Page 583 and 584:
English actor, producer, and direct
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moves, the actors and the choreogra
Page 587 and 588:
a gibbet immediately outside the li
Page 589 and 590:
lades being replaced by an ash stic
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techniques have been part of savate
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tises that stickfighting competitio
Page 595 and 596:
Dressed in traditional garb, sword-
Page 597 and 598:
As a result of the first invasion,
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Zen masters, however, did not thems
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strength, stamina, and ferociousnes
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and actively, defensively and offen
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to stand up against increasingly he
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there were three principal actions
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to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Re
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the period clearly demonstrates tha
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sponse to the use of cut-and-thrust
Page 615 and 616:
the late Renaissance as a personal
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classical fencing and sport fencing
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evolved over more than two thousand
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(third-fifth centuries A.D.), when
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A color woodblock print of a duel b
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Another form subscribed to combat s
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tainment that belongs in samurai mo
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen
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through their perceptions, understa
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T’aek’kyŏn T’aek’kyŏn is
Page 635 and 636:
distinct identity, with a common fo
Page 637 and 638:
Each t’aek’kyŏn association in
Page 639 and 640:
Side kick delivered by Miss Kim, ca
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In 1955, General Choi Hong-Hi, know
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ing, as it is successful kicks that
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plexus, and ribs; and groin protect
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emphasis is placed on tournament fi
Page 649 and 650:
Group practice of taijiquan in Beij
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Yang Chengfu made the form smooth,
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powerful larger, sweeping, striking
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tablished. The earth’s energy/for
Page 657 and 658:
Choreographed two-person sets are a
Page 659 and 660:
———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
Page 661 and 662:
Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
Page 663 and 664:
Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
Page 665 and 666:
Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
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martial art. As a result, its metho
Page 669 and 670:
Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
Page 671 and 672:
and those warriors who possess this
Page 673 and 674:
Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
Page 675 and 676:
Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
Page 677 and 678:
Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
Page 679 and 680:
in this system. There are three set
Page 681 and 682:
One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
Page 683 and 684:
vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
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1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
Page 687:
senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
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660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
Page 696 and 697:
666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
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A depiction of the mighty female wa
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670 Women in the Martial Arts About
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672 Women in the Martial Arts About
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674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
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676 Women in the Martial Arts named
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678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
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680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
Page 712 and 713:
682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
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Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
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Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
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participation and success by women
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A woman in Beijing performing a wus
Page 722 and 723:
692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
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Page 726 and 727:
Page 728 and 729:
Page 730 and 731:
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Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
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720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
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728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
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736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
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738 Wrestling, Professional Russian
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740 Wrestling, Professional les and
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742 Wrestling, Professional 1987 th
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744 Wrestling, Professional Editors
Page 776 and 777:
746 Written Texts: China ual change
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748 Written Texts: China See also B
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750 Written Texts: India of local m
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752 Written Texts: India Beginning
Page 784 and 785:
754 Written Texts: India sourcebook
Page 786 and 787:
756 Written Texts: India skritized
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758 Written Texts: Japan Hart, Geor
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Early-fourteenth-century scroll fra
Page 792 and 793:
762 Written Texts: Japan ture of he
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764 Written Texts: Japan of them ha
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766 Written Texts: Japan inkblots w
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768 Written Texts: Japan the develo
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770 Written Texts: Japan Suzuki, Da
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772 Written Texts: Japan
Page 805 and 806:
Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) Of th
Page 807 and 808:
A student practices xingyiquan at t
Page 809:
Tang, Sun Lu. 1993. Xing Yi Quan Xu
Page 812 and 813:
Undated photo of the legendary Gran
Page 814 and 815:
784 Yongchun/Wing Chun changer). Ch
Page 816 and 817:
786 Yongchun/Wing Chun Green, Thoma
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About 1500 B.C. Near the ford at Ja
Page 820 and 821:
About 460 B.C. The Hellenic histori
Page 822 and 823:
141 cont. animals themselves, the a
Page 824 and 825:
Eighth century Vishnaivite monks li
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Tenth century A Punjabi weaver call
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1077 The Song-dynasty scholar Zhao
Page 830 and 831:
1191 Chinese mathematicians start e
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About 1345 cont. on the fifth hour
Page 834 and 835:
1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in
Page 836 and 837:
About 1540 East Asian patent medici
Page 838 and 839:
1570 By doing single backward aeria
Page 840 and 841:
1624 Needing sugar to make their gi
Page 842 and 843:
1671 cont. tradition his discussion
Page 844 and 845:
About 1755 Toward reducing the risk
Page 846 and 847:
1780 cont. though they worked well,
Page 848 and 849:
About 1830 Irish immigrants introdu
Page 850 and 851:
1858 On October 13, an Austin, Texa
Page 852 and 853:
1881 The Japanese army replaces neo
Page 854 and 855:
1911 soldier with patriotic conform
Page 856 and 857:
1932 An El Paso saddler named Sam M
Page 858 and 859:
1952 cont. progress. Therefore the
Page 860 and 861:
Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler
Page 862 and 863:
Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. 199
Page 864 and 865:
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The
Page 866 and 867:
Runciman, Stephen. 1980. The First
Page 869 and 870:
AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA
Page 871 and 872:
and spiritual development: Japan Ar
Page 873 and 874:
Bond, James, 89 Bonebreaking (hakih
Page 875 and 876:
Cambodia, 541-542 history of, 541-5
Page 877 and 878:
Choi Yong-Shul, 157, 159, 160, 296
Page 879 and 880:
Dandi, 176 Dang Vu Hy, 652 Dangals,
Page 881 and 882:
Espada y daga, 560 Espinosa, Leo, 5
Page 883 and 884:
Fundai, 188 Funeral games, 788 Fune
Page 885 and 886:
Guts Muths, Johann, 816 Gymnasiums,
Page 887 and 888:
and dueling, 99-100 and social uses
Page 889 and 890:
and battle, engaging in, 193 and Br
Page 891 and 892:
303, 445-446, 478-479, 768, 822, 82
Page 893 and 894:
Kobayashi Seiko, 702 Kobudô, 823 K
Page 895 and 896:
Emperor Li Tsun-I, 23-24 Li Yiyu, 6
Page 897 and 898:
May Day, 801 Maybray, John C., 738
Page 899 and 900:
Motobu Chôyû, 258, 365 Motte, Mad
Page 901 and 902:
Nomi-no-Sukune, 729 Nonaction (wuwe
Page 903 and 904:
Oshchepkov, Vasilij Sergevich, 88,
Page 905 and 906:
Popes and dueling, 105 Popular pres
Page 907 and 908:
Ring names, 808 Ringeck, Sigmund, 3
Page 909 and 910:
Self-Defense Krav Maga, 310 Self-De
Page 911 and 912:
Song Shuming, 824 Song Tŏk-ki, 604
Page 913 and 914:
and gladiators, 142 in Japan, 478-4
Page 915 and 916:
Temple guardians, 794 Temple of Ang
Page 917 and 918:
Tyrs, Miroslav, 820 Tyson, Mike, 74
Page 919 and 920:
Weapons and Africa, 1-3 and aikidô
Page 921 and 922:
and tournaments, 706 and training,
Page 923 and 924:
Yang Aner, 691 Yang Banhou, 620-621
Page 925:
About the Author Thomas A. Green ea
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