Biodiversity of Wielangta Forest - Wild Wielangta - Edublogs
Biodiversity of Wielangta Forest - Wild Wielangta - Edublogs
Biodiversity of Wielangta Forest - Wild Wielangta - Edublogs
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The <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
August 2011<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> – Aboriginal for ‘Tall Trees’ – Oyster Bay (Paredarerme) Tribe
Report produced with assistance from:<br />
The <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
August 2011<br />
Funding, for the independent production <strong>of</strong> this report,<br />
was provided by Dr Bob Brown<br />
ii<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Distributed by <strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>:<br />
http://wildwielangta.edublogs.org<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
PO Box 420<br />
Sorell TAS 7172<br />
wildwielangta@gmail.com<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Summary<br />
iii<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
The following report reviews the biological conservation values <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong> and<br />
maps forest <strong>of</strong> high conservation significance.<br />
A new reserve system for <strong>Wielangta</strong> is proposed that better captures the biodiversity values<br />
thus ensuring their long term conservation.<br />
Flora<br />
Fauna<br />
• Highly diverse, the <strong>Wielangta</strong> area has been identified as a centre for flora<br />
endemism, containing 30% <strong>of</strong> all Tasmanian flora species.<br />
• Twenty six threatened plant species are identified along with several that are highly<br />
significant including some <strong>of</strong> biogeographical importance. <strong>Wielangta</strong> is likely to<br />
provide an important refuge, securing habitat in the event <strong>of</strong> climate change.<br />
• The recently discovered <strong>Wielangta</strong> bird orchid is a species new to science, and is<br />
awaiting formal description.<br />
• Previous assessments have identified 11 floristic communities as having the highest<br />
conservation significance.<br />
• The area is biogeographically significant for many other plant species not listed as<br />
threatened.<br />
• Eucalypt species richness is unusually high and includes at least 18 species, with<br />
several rare and isolated occurrences.<br />
• Relict rainforest and mixed forest communities in <strong>Wielangta</strong> are identified as<br />
extremely important biogeographically, susceptible to harvesting, and not accurately<br />
identified under previous mapping practices.<br />
• At least 8 threatened fauna occur in <strong>Wielangta</strong>. Four species are listed as nationally<br />
endangered, including the swift parrot, which is now nominated for up listing under<br />
the Commonwealth Environment Protection and <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Conservation Act 1999<br />
(EPBCA) as critically endangered.<br />
• <strong>Wielangta</strong> provides the core range (almost 50% <strong>of</strong> habitat) for the broad toothed<br />
stag beetle. Nearly all this habitat is located within provisional logging coupes.<br />
• The study area supports a relatively high density <strong>of</strong> Tasmanian wedge tailed eagle<br />
nests, with ideal nesting and foraging habitat.<br />
• <strong>Wielangta</strong> is recognised as the heart <strong>of</strong> the largest Swift Parrot Important Breeding<br />
Area (SPIBA). The <strong>Wielangta</strong> SPIBA provides the greatest known area <strong>of</strong> nesting<br />
habitat adjacent to foraging habitat. The report identifies significant areas <strong>of</strong><br />
unreserved nesting and foraging habitat.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
GeoConservation<br />
iv<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
• Four significant sites occur within the <strong>Wielangta</strong> area including one <strong>of</strong> national<br />
significance, two <strong>of</strong> state significance and one <strong>of</strong> local significance.<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> Reserve Extension<br />
It is proposed that the <strong>Wielangta</strong> Reserve be extended consolidating several fragmented<br />
reserves into one integrated reserve.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> proposes that a new <strong>Wielangta</strong> State Reserve be established occupying an<br />
area <strong>of</strong> 10,887 ha. The proposals also include the reservation <strong>of</strong> three additional<br />
unconnected but important areas <strong>of</strong> public land which collectively occupy 1059 ha. These<br />
changes would add an extra 6215 ha to the Tasmanian formal reserve system.<br />
The revised boundaries will protect all <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>'s natural values and will conserve certain<br />
key environments currently susceptible to standard silvicultural practices. On completion <strong>of</strong><br />
harvesting a small but vital area <strong>of</strong> plantation forest, adjoining the Sandspit Reserve, could<br />
be restored to native forest and incorporated into the new reserve.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> recognises the Tasmanian <strong>Forest</strong>s Intergovernmental Agreement which<br />
identifies a process for reserving high conservation forest throughout Tasmania. This<br />
process identifies a lesser area (5120 ha) for reservation than that proposed by <strong>Wild</strong><br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong>.<br />
National Heritage Listing<br />
The full compliment <strong>of</strong> ecological value <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong> incorporates some areas <strong>of</strong><br />
private land adjoining the proposed reserve. It is the view <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> that this<br />
enlarged area is worthy <strong>of</strong> inclusion on the National Heritage list. This mechanism will<br />
ensure that the special values <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> are recognised at the national level and afforded<br />
full protection through the Environment Protection and <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Conservation Act 1999.<br />
Acknowledgements:<br />
Report: Andrew North and Aleida Williams <strong>of</strong> North Barker Ecosystem Services for research, analysis<br />
and mapping.<br />
Report edits: Steve Turner, <strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>.<br />
Photographs: Rob Blakers (cover and inside cover), Andrew North (unless cited), Alan Fletcher, Bob<br />
Brown on Trial Website, Chris Tzaros, Mark Wapstra, Steve Turner.<br />
Illustrations: Mel Hills, Mel Hills * <strong>Wild</strong> Art.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> Graphic Design Logos: Gordon Harrison-Williams, WorkHorse.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Contents<br />
v<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Introduction.............................................................................................................................1<br />
The Study Area.........................................................................................................................2<br />
Tenure........................................................................................................................................4<br />
Climate.......................................................................................................................................6<br />
Geology and Geomorphology....................................................................................................6<br />
Vegetation ...............................................................................................................................7<br />
Old Growth...............................................................................................................................14<br />
Threatened Communities ........................................................................................................15<br />
Other Significant Vegetation....................................................................................................16<br />
Rainforest and Mixed <strong>Forest</strong>....................................................................................................16<br />
Eucalypt <strong>Forest</strong> with Oyster Bay Pine ......................................................................................18<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong>............................................................................................................................ 20<br />
Flora .........................................................................................................................................20<br />
Non Vascular Plants .................................................................................................................20<br />
Vascular Plants .........................................................................................................................20<br />
Threatened Flora......................................................................................................................21<br />
Significant Flora........................................................................................................................28<br />
Uncommon eucalypts ..............................................................................................................29<br />
Fauna........................................................................................................................................32<br />
Threatened Fauna....................................................................................................................32<br />
<strong>Forest</strong>ry Impacts .................................................................................................................... 40<br />
Conservation Assessment and Recommendations................................................................... 43<br />
<strong>Forest</strong> <strong>of</strong> High Conservation Significance ................................................................................43<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> Reserve Proposal............................................................................................46<br />
Tasmanian <strong>Forest</strong>s Intergovernmental Agreement.................................................................49<br />
National Heritage Listing..........................................................................................................51<br />
References............................................................................................................................. 52<br />
Appendix 1: Previous Assessments..........................................................................................54<br />
Appendix 2: Native Vegetation Communities <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>....................................................55<br />
Appendix 2: Native Vegetation Communities <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>....................................................55<br />
Appendix 3: Vascular Plant Species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>...................................................................57<br />
Appendix 4: Fauna Species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>................................................................................71<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figures<br />
vi<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Figure 1 Location <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>.................................................................................................................2<br />
Figure 2 <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong> .......................................................................................................................3<br />
Figure 3 Land Tenure................................................................................................................................5<br />
Figure 4 Vegetation Types........................................................................................................................8<br />
Figure 5 Vegetation Communities..........................................................................................................12<br />
Figure 6 Rainforest and Mixed forest.....................................................................................................17<br />
Figure 7 Callitris rhomboidea in <strong>Wielangta</strong> ............................................................................................19<br />
Figure 8 Threatened Flora ......................................................................................................................24<br />
Figure 9 Swift Parrot Habitat..................................................................................................................36<br />
Figure 10 Eagle and Peregrine Falcon Nests...........................................................................................38<br />
Figure 11 <strong>Forest</strong>ry in <strong>Wielangta</strong> .............................................................................................................42<br />
Figure 12 High Conservation Values in <strong>Wielangta</strong> .................................................................................44<br />
Figure 13 High Conservation Vegetation in <strong>Wielangta</strong> ..........................................................................45<br />
Figure 14 <strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> Reserve Proposal ..........................................................................................48<br />
Figure 15 Tasmanian <strong>Forest</strong>s Intergovernmental Agreement Reserve Proposal...................................50<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Introduction<br />
1<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong> is a large area <strong>of</strong> forested land on the east coast extending south from Orford to<br />
Marion Bay. Its extent westwards is less well defined, but generally accepted as approximating to<br />
Nugent.<br />
In the minds <strong>of</strong> Government agencies <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong> may be associated more with the <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
<strong>Forest</strong> block - State <strong>Forest</strong> in the centre <strong>of</strong> the area. To others it includes some or all <strong>of</strong> the adjoining<br />
land tenures that form the various State Reserves. Ecologically, the land does not follow tenure<br />
boundaries. The forested land extends into private ownership. Functionally as a land system, it<br />
encapsulates some <strong>of</strong> the cleared farming land that irregularly incises the remaining native<br />
vegetation. At the centre <strong>of</strong> the area is the remnant <strong>of</strong> the sawmill town <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> with surviving<br />
school house and scattered residences.<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong> has been the focus <strong>of</strong> numerous studies and assessments. It has in recent times<br />
been used as the subject <strong>of</strong> a High Court challenge, as a test case <strong>of</strong> the Regional <strong>Forest</strong> Agreement<br />
and the Commonwealth EPBC Act. It is one amongst many Tasmanian hotspots <strong>of</strong> contention within<br />
the conflict between the forest industry and nature conservation.<br />
The aim <strong>of</strong> this report is to provide a single source <strong>of</strong> information summarising the known biological<br />
values <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong> and surrounds.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
The Study Area<br />
2<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
For the purposes <strong>of</strong> this study, boundaries utilise recognised land marks. Broadly speaking the<br />
eastern boundary is the coast, the northern boundary follows the Tasman Highway west from Orford<br />
to Buckland, the western boundary is defined by the Nugent Road and the southern boundary is<br />
perhaps less clear, utilising available roads and tracks so as to pick up Iles Tier in the far southwest<br />
corner. Other key landmarks include Cape Bernier, Sandspit River, the Three Thumbs, and Prossers<br />
Sugarloaf, which is the highest point at 647m above sea level.<br />
Figure 1 Location <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 2 – <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
3<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Tenure<br />
4<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
The entire study area occupies approximately 35 000 ha which incorporates several land tenures. The<br />
area is roughly 1/3 public and 2/3 private land. Overall nearly 30% is reserved, with the vast majority<br />
<strong>of</strong> this on public land.<br />
Land Tenure <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
Private<br />
Land<br />
Public<br />
land<br />
21487ha<br />
62%<br />
13303 ha<br />
Reserved<br />
State<br />
<strong>Forest</strong><br />
38 % Reserved<br />
1599 ha / 7%<strong>of</strong> Private Land<br />
Private<br />
Reserve<br />
Conservation<br />
Covenant<br />
814 ha<br />
785 ha<br />
4984 ha / 37.5%<br />
8317 ha / 62.5% <strong>of</strong> Public Land<br />
Nature<br />
Reserve<br />
State<br />
Reserve<br />
<strong>Forest</strong><br />
Reserve<br />
Conservation<br />
Area<br />
Informal<br />
Reserve<br />
1561 ha<br />
3125 ha<br />
1077 ha<br />
95 ha<br />
2459 ha<br />
Overall 34790 Reserved 9916 ha / 28.5%<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 3: Land tenure<br />
5<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Climate<br />
6<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Rainfall is variable, with the effects <strong>of</strong> topography creating high rainfall hotspots and areas in rain<br />
shadow. Mean average rainfall varies from over 900mm across the central southern part to less than<br />
700mm per annum towards the north <strong>of</strong> the study area.<br />
Geology and Geomorphology<br />
The geology <strong>of</strong> the area is characterised by Jurassic dolerite which dominates the east coast <strong>of</strong><br />
Tasmania. This makes up more than 85% <strong>of</strong> the study area. Other geologies that feature include<br />
Triassic sandstones and mudstones (10%) and Quaternary deposits <strong>of</strong> sands and clays (3%).<br />
There are some significant geological landforms in the <strong>Wielangta</strong> Area. One <strong>of</strong> particular note is the<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> Slump Landform Complex (Sharples 2002). Sharples states that “this provides<br />
excellent examples <strong>of</strong> slope mass movement landforms formed at the end <strong>of</strong> the Last Glaciation<br />
(including slump ponds with Holocene pollen records). [This is] one <strong>of</strong> the best examples <strong>of</strong> such<br />
landform complexes in Tasmania, and important for scientific information about Last Glacial<br />
environments and processes in Tasmania. Susceptible to renewed slumping and instability if slope<br />
soils, vegetation and drainage are disturbed (thus, management involves both geoconservation<br />
(values) and environmental geology (hazards) issues)”. This site is classified as being <strong>of</strong> State<br />
significance on the DPIPWE Geoconservation database. Associated with this slumping, has been the<br />
creation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> Lake a ‘hanging lake’ on the northwest face <strong>of</strong> Jacob Hill which periodically<br />
carries a body <strong>of</strong> water approximately 50m across.<br />
Other Geoconservation sites include:<br />
Sandspit River Sandstone cliffs/caves complex - local significance on the Geoconservation<br />
database.<br />
Hellfire Bluff Uplifted Marine Cliff, Block Slide and Topple - state significance on the<br />
Geoconservation database.<br />
Rheban Beach-Earlham Lagoon – national significance on the Geoconservation database.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Vegetation<br />
7<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Changes in natural vegetation type are largely reflective <strong>of</strong> the varying rainfall conditions but are also<br />
a response to local changes in soil topography and aspect.<br />
Key vegetation types include:<br />
Vegetation Type Area (ha) % <strong>of</strong> total area<br />
Rainforest and mixed forest 285 0.8<br />
Wet eucalypt forest 3499 10<br />
Dry<br />
forest<br />
sclerophyll eucalypt<br />
Non<br />
scrub<br />
eucalypt forest and<br />
22258 64<br />
1204 3<br />
Native Grassland 554 2<br />
Saltmarsh and wetland 224 0.6<br />
Plantation 2228 6<br />
Agriculture and other nonnative<br />
units<br />
4394 13<br />
Total 34646 -<br />
Sources for rainforest and mixed forest – Tasveg 2 adapted applying data from Neyland 1991, Coates<br />
1993, Interpretation <strong>of</strong> PI units E2cS, E2dS, E3+dS<br />
The Tasmanian vegetation has been classified and mapped at a state-wide level to a scale <strong>of</strong><br />
1:25000. The latest Tasveg version 2.0 includes 144 communities.A vegetation type map has been<br />
created based on Tasveg 2. This has been modified to take into account new plantations which have<br />
been interpreted from reviewing Google images. A list <strong>of</strong> all Tasveg communities present within the<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> study area and their extent is provided in Appendix 2.<br />
The reliability and thus accuracy <strong>of</strong> Tasveg mapping is highly variable. Although at the vegetation<br />
type level the mapping is reasonably accurate, the community classification is generally based on<br />
ecological principles with limited field verification. <strong>Forest</strong> mapping was undertaken for The Regional<br />
<strong>Forest</strong> Agreement through the mid 1990s. At that stage none <strong>of</strong> the sophisticated electronic aerial<br />
photography and GIS systems that we now take for granted, were available. Mapping was largely<br />
done by hand. In <strong>Wielangta</strong> there are vast areas <strong>of</strong> E. pulchella forest mapped. Although this<br />
community is indeed widespread, and locally dominant in the area, some <strong>of</strong> the mapping <strong>of</strong> this<br />
community captures greater diversity incorporating other dry forest communities. Refer Appendix 1.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 4 Vegetation Types<br />
8<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
9<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Giant ash Eucalyptus regnans mixed forest with sassafras (Atherosperma<br />
moschatum)<br />
Giant ash Eucalyptus regnans wet forest<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Stringybark Eucalyptus obliqua wet forest<br />
White peppermint Eucalyptus pulchella forest<br />
10<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Eucalyptus brookeriana wet forest<br />
Snow gum Eucalyptus coccifera forest – Prossers Sugarloaf<br />
11<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 5 Vegetation Communities<br />
12<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
13<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Old Growth<br />
14<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
The term old growth forest is a vexed one. When considering remote and inaccessible forest, the<br />
distinction is perhaps less contentious. But in eastern Tasmania where there may be a long history <strong>of</strong><br />
access the distinction is more blurred. Globally old growth forests are recognised as those that have<br />
attained great age and maturity, thus characterised by complex structure. Typically they include<br />
mature and over mature trees, including dead stags. In Tasmania old growth was mapped under the<br />
Regional <strong>Forest</strong> Agreement applying the JANIS 1997 definition that:<br />
Old growth forest is ecologically mature forest where the effects <strong>of</strong> disturbances are now<br />
negligible.<br />
Old growth character<br />
The Tasmanian mapping utilised a rule set applying crown senescence and disturbance characters<br />
which was adapted for each forest type. The limitation <strong>of</strong> this approach is that forests subject to early<br />
harvesting methods, where the best trees were selectively removed, are not distinguished from forest<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
15<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
managed under modern silvicultural practice. <strong>Forest</strong> subject to the former regime can retain<br />
significant old growth values in the form <strong>of</strong> decaying logs, standing snags, hollow bearing trees etc.<br />
Indeed, the early selective logging took only the best formed trees leaving those that were <strong>of</strong> low<br />
timber value but <strong>of</strong> higher habitat significance. In <strong>Wielangta</strong> there are stands <strong>of</strong> forest where<br />
evidence <strong>of</strong> old logging can be seen in mature forests that retain massive old trees. These areas do<br />
not conform to the standard definition <strong>of</strong> old growth forest in spite <strong>of</strong> supporting ecological values <strong>of</strong><br />
equal importance.<br />
Old growth forest is shown on Figure 11.<br />
Threatened Communities<br />
The Tasmanian Nature Conservation Act 2001 lists threatened communities. <strong>Wielangta</strong> supports nine<br />
communities listed on this act which collectively make up 6% <strong>of</strong> native vegetation.<br />
Threatened Vegetation Communities<br />
TASVEG code Community Total ha Reserved %<br />
AWU Wetland undifferentiated 13 5 38<br />
DAS E. amygdalina forest and woodland on<br />
sandstone<br />
808 186 23<br />
DGL E. globulus dry forest and woodland 347 135 39<br />
DOV E. ovata forest and woodland 28 5 28<br />
DVC E. viminalis- E. globulus coastal forest<br />
and woodland<br />
99 98 99<br />
NCR Callitris rhomboidea forest 216 167 77<br />
SRI Riparian Scrub 26 20 79<br />
WBR E. brookeriana wet forest 5.5 0.1 3<br />
TOTAL All threatened communities 1566 ha 616.1 ha 40<br />
These vegetation communities are protected from permanent clearance and conversion through the<br />
<strong>Forest</strong> Practices system. Although this allows for them to be logged they must be naturally<br />
regenerated. They remain exposed to impacts <strong>of</strong> forest harvesting outside <strong>of</strong> the reserve system<br />
which is permitted under current legislation. They are also exempt from <strong>Forest</strong> Practices regulations<br />
where the clearance is associated with a local or State authority approved development such as a<br />
subdivision, quarry or road.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Other Significant Vegetation<br />
Rainforest and Mixed <strong>Forest</strong><br />
16<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
The topography and localised rainfall has ensured the retention <strong>of</strong> relict rainforest and mixed forest in<br />
fire protected gullies and slopes in <strong>Wielangta</strong>. These provide refuge for a number <strong>of</strong> flora and fauna<br />
species. These areas are extremely important and are susceptible to the influence <strong>of</strong> climate change<br />
and associated drought. Furthermore they are exposed during such periods to irreversible loss<br />
through wild fire events. High timber yielding, tall mixed forests cannot be regenerated to the same<br />
extent as early succession understoreys associated with dry and wet eucalypt forest. Secondary<br />
rainforest species such as sassafras and laurel are lost from this process.<br />
Current mapping (Tasveg and <strong>Forest</strong> Inventory (PI) mapping) fails to discriminate accurately, for the<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> area, between tall wet eucalypt and tall mixed forest. However, cross referencing<br />
observation records <strong>of</strong> rainforest species with <strong>Forest</strong> Inventory (PI) mapping types with low density<br />
(PI c, d, f) tall eucalypts (E2/E3+) over scrub (S) or secondary trees (T) or wattles (Tw) has allowed<br />
for a likely mixed forest map to be prepared.<br />
Fern rich mixed forest understorey<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 6 Rainforest and Mixed forest<br />
17<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Eucalypt <strong>Forest</strong> with Oyster Bay Pine<br />
18<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Oyster Bay pine (Callitris rhomboidea), which provides a distinctive character to some <strong>of</strong> the forest<br />
stands in <strong>Wielangta</strong>, is recognised as a separate community where it forms the dominant canopy.<br />
However many <strong>of</strong> the finest examples <strong>of</strong> this species are in association with taller eucalypts, and as<br />
such are not protected. C. rhomboidea is fire sensitive and can be lost following two fire events in<br />
close succession. <strong>Forest</strong> harvesting is unlikely to favour this species.<br />
Tasveg mapping fails to distinguish mixed stands <strong>of</strong> eucalypt and Callitris and similar eucalypt forest<br />
lacking Callitris. However it is known to occur on coastal sites and in drier habitats on the Three<br />
Thumbs.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 7 Callitris rhomboidea in <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
19<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
<strong>Biodiversity</strong><br />
Flora<br />
Non Vascular Plants<br />
20<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
The range <strong>of</strong> vegetation types ensures a diverse habitat for fungi and bryophytes. 228 species <strong>of</strong><br />
macro fungi from 61 families have been recorded from <strong>Wielangta</strong>. 24 species <strong>of</strong> liverwort and 76<br />
species <strong>of</strong> moss are also recorded 1 .<br />
lichen<br />
Vascular Plants<br />
Ramaria gracilis?<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 570 native vascular plant species have been recorded from the area (see Appendix 3).<br />
These constitute nearly a third (30%) <strong>of</strong> all Tasmanian native species.<br />
Native Vascular Plant Species in <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
Angiosperms<br />
Gymnosperms<br />
Conifers<br />
Dicotyledons<br />
Flowering plants<br />
Monocotyledons<br />
Grasses, sedges, rushes, irises,<br />
lilies, orchids etc<br />
Ferns 39<br />
1 Natural Values Atlas<br />
2<br />
334<br />
195<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Threatened Flora<br />
21<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
There are records <strong>of</strong> 3 nationally listed threatened flora species and 26 state listed threatened species<br />
from <strong>Wielangta</strong>.<br />
Threatened Plant Species in <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
Species<br />
Pterostylis atriola<br />
Snug Greenhood<br />
Spyridium lawrencei<br />
Small-leaf dustymiller<br />
Epacris virgata (Kettering)<br />
Pretty heath<br />
Phyllangium divergens<br />
Wiry mitrewort<br />
Asperula subsimplex<br />
Water woodruff<br />
Austrodanthonia nodosa<br />
Knotty speargrass<br />
Corunastylis morrisii<br />
Hairy midge-orchid<br />
Corunastylis nuda<br />
Tiny midge-orchid<br />
Deyeuxia apsleyensis<br />
Apsley bent grass<br />
Status EPBCA<br />
TSPA<br />
ENDANGERED<br />
endangered<br />
ENDANGERED<br />
vulnerable<br />
ENDANGERED<br />
vulnerable<br />
-<br />
vulnerable<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
endangered<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
Comment<br />
Recorded from proposed logging coupe near<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> Hill, but also recorded near Back Run<br />
Hills suggesting that it is more widespread in<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong>. Conservation status possibly in need<br />
<strong>of</strong> review for downgrading.<br />
Localised to an area in the Central East Coast<br />
with an outlying population <strong>of</strong> approx 200<br />
plants on the eastern end <strong>of</strong> the Three Thumbs<br />
Reserve.<br />
Outlying occurrences at Cape Bernier Nature<br />
Reserve and two populations on private land, at<br />
Tea Tree Rivulet in the northwest <strong>of</strong> the study<br />
area and at Kellevie.<br />
Single record on hilltop on private land.<br />
Single known population at Gatehouse Marsh<br />
close to Tasman Highway.<br />
Single record from native grassland on north<br />
facing slope above Tasman Highway near<br />
Gatehouse Marsh.<br />
Recently discovered from the area (Kellevie).<br />
This is the only one <strong>of</strong> two populations in<br />
Tasmania that has been recorded in the past 20<br />
years.<br />
Only documented from rocky ridgeline in vicinity<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> Hill. Potentially likely to occur<br />
elsewhere in similar habitat<br />
Single record from The Three Thumbs.<br />
Localised to the east coast <strong>of</strong> Tasmania, this is<br />
the most southerly outlying record <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Species<br />
Deyeuxia benthamiana<br />
Benthams bent grass<br />
Deyeuxia densa<br />
Heath bent grass<br />
Eucalyptus barberi<br />
Barbers gum<br />
Gyrostemon thesioides<br />
Broom wheel fruit<br />
Haloragis heterophylla<br />
Varied raspwort<br />
Juncus amabilis<br />
Smooth rush<br />
Juncus prismatocarpus<br />
Branching rush<br />
Juncus vaginatus<br />
Clustered rush<br />
Odixia achlaena<br />
Golden everlasting bush<br />
Ozothamnus lycopodioides<br />
Clubmoss everlasting bush<br />
Pimelea flava<br />
Yellow riceflower<br />
Status EPBCA<br />
TSPA<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
22<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Comment<br />
Only recorded in <strong>Wielangta</strong> from native forest<br />
north <strong>of</strong> Jacob Hill. Represented by other<br />
scattered records across southern Tasmania in<br />
wet forest.<br />
Single record from a site near <strong>Wielangta</strong> Hill<br />
subject to selective harvesting in 2005. This<br />
species is widespread in low altitude forest<br />
throughout Tasmania.<br />
Numerous records from drier ridges and slopes<br />
in east and northern parts <strong>of</strong> study area. These<br />
populations form the southern most distribution<br />
<strong>of</strong> an east coast endemic mallee tree<br />
concentrated around central eastern Tasmania.<br />
Localised records from rocky slopes <strong>of</strong> Prosser<br />
Gorge – the most southerly records in<br />
Tasmania. This is a fire responsive short lived<br />
perennial recorded from east coast and Flinders<br />
Island.<br />
Single known population at Gatehouse Marsh<br />
close to Tasman Highway.<br />
Single record from Kellevie – typically<br />
associated with low lying flats under E. ovata or<br />
persisting in rough pasture after clearing.<br />
Saltmarsh species only known from Earlham<br />
Lagoon in study area<br />
Single known population at Gatehouse Marsh<br />
close to Tasman Highway<br />
Entirely localised to <strong>Wielangta</strong> area extending<br />
from just north <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> Hill to Gordon<br />
Sugarloaf near Kellevie.<br />
Localised to three locations in study area:<br />
headwaters <strong>of</strong> Griffiths Rivulet, Thumbs Lookout<br />
and Prosser Gorge. These are the southern<br />
most populations <strong>of</strong> a species which is<br />
concentrated on the Tasmanian east coast.<br />
Confined to southern boundary <strong>of</strong> study area<br />
between Iles Tier and Gordon Sugarloaf near<br />
Kellevie.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Species<br />
Pomaderris phylicifolia<br />
subsp. phylicifolia<br />
Narrowleaf dogwood<br />
Spyridium parvifolium var.<br />
parvifolium<br />
Coast dusty miller<br />
Stellaria multiflora<br />
Rayless starwort<br />
Teucrium corymbosum<br />
<strong>Forest</strong> germander<br />
Thismia rodwayi<br />
Fairy lanterns<br />
Wilsonia rotundifolia<br />
Round leaf wilsonia<br />
View south from Hellfire Bluff<br />
Status EPBCA<br />
TSPA<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
23<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Comment<br />
Confined to northern boundary <strong>of</strong> study area on<br />
Thumbs Rivulet and along Tasman Highway<br />
near Prosser River. These populations form the<br />
most southerly in Tasmania<br />
Single observation record from a location south<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cone Hill. This is an outlying record with<br />
most other populations scattered across<br />
northern Tasmania. The site was clear felled in<br />
2002.<br />
Easily overlooked herb <strong>of</strong> dry forest recorded<br />
from hilltop east <strong>of</strong> Flash Tier - the Thumbs<br />
Lookout.<br />
Scattered observation records in dry open forest<br />
in north and east <strong>of</strong> study area. This species is<br />
a fire responsive short lived perennial, broadly<br />
distributed in eastern Tasmania.<br />
A cryptic plant concealed beneath leaf litter,<br />
which has recently been recorded from Sandspit<br />
<strong>Forest</strong> Reserve east <strong>of</strong> the Picnic Site in wet<br />
forest. Likely to be widespread in suitable<br />
habitat.<br />
Saltmarsh species known from Earlham lagoon.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 8 Threatened Flora<br />
24<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Corunastylis morrisii Hairy midge orchid<br />
25<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
This is only known from two sites in Tasmania including one in the south <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Wielangta</strong> study area.<br />
Odixia achlaena Golden everlasting bush<br />
Illustration, Mel Hills<br />
This endemic shrub is almost entirely confined to the <strong>Wielangta</strong> area. The tiny Hospital Creek Nature<br />
Reserve was gazetted in 1979 specifically to conserve this newly described species. It has since been<br />
shown to occur in other reserves such as Sandspit River and Cape Bernier. However populations in<br />
these reserves are small. It is able to regenerate following disturbance and has been observed as<br />
locally abundant along forest tracks and in some forest post harvesting.<br />
There are several threatened flora species for which <strong>Wielangta</strong> supports significant populations. The<br />
following maps, showing the distribution <strong>of</strong> several other species, highlight how <strong>Wielangta</strong> is located<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
26<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
on the outlying range. <strong>Wielangta</strong> is biogeographically significant for these species and for some may<br />
provide an important refuge if they are subject to the effects <strong>of</strong> climate change.<br />
Deyeuxia apsleyensis - apsley bent grass<br />
most southerly occurrence<br />
Spyridium lawrencei - small-leaf<br />
dustymiller<br />
Most southerly occurrence – outlying population<br />
Deyeuxia benthamiana - benthams bent<br />
grass<br />
most easterly occurrence<br />
Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp. phylicifolia –<br />
narrowleaf dogwood<br />
Towards southern end <strong>of</strong> range<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Eucalyptus barberi - barbers gum<br />
Most southerly occurrence<br />
Ozothamnus lycopodioides - clubmoss<br />
everlasting bush<br />
Most southerly occurrence<br />
27<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Gyrostemon thesioides - broom wheel fruit<br />
Most southerly occurrence<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Significant Flora<br />
28<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> is biogeographically significant for several species that do not appear on any threatened<br />
species lists. The micro habitats associated with the wetter environments, that in places support<br />
rainforest, include associated species well outside their normal range.<br />
Four examples:<br />
Phyllocladus aspleniifolius - celery top<br />
pine<br />
Eucalyptus urnigera – urn gum<br />
Anopterus glandulosus – native laurel<br />
Eucalyptus coccifera – snow gum<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
29<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
photo Mark Wapstra<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> bird orchid (Chiloglottis sp. ‘<strong>Wielangta</strong>’). This is a newly discovered species, still<br />
awaiting formal description, recorded from rainforest on Sandspit River.<br />
Uncommon eucalypts<br />
Out <strong>of</strong> a total number <strong>of</strong> 29 eucalypts native to Tasmania, 18 species have been recorded from<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> 2 . An analysis <strong>of</strong> eucalypt species richness, throughout the 837 10km grid squares that<br />
comprise Tasmania, demonstrated that only 22 squares recorded as much diversity or better as that<br />
<strong>of</strong> the two main squares in <strong>Wielangta</strong> (14 in each) 3 .<br />
Urn gum (Eucalypts urnigera). This mountain dwelling endemic was only recently discovered<br />
in <strong>Wielangta</strong> during pre logging surveys in 2003. It is confined to the margins <strong>of</strong> an open swamp<br />
adjacent to a proposed logging coupe (W19E). Other than an outlying population on Maria Island<br />
there are no other populations in the east coast, with the other nearest being on Mt Wellington.<br />
Silver gum (E. cordata). There are two forms <strong>of</strong> this rare Tasmanian endemic. The eastern form<br />
is most easily distinguished by the rounded stems and has a population that is centred on Prossers<br />
Sugarloaf 4 , recognising the importance <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> for this species. It occurs as a mallee form<br />
usually within E. pulchella forest, making any such stands <strong>of</strong> this otherwise widespread forest type <strong>of</strong><br />
high conservation significance.<br />
2 An additional two species listed on the Natural values Atlas for the area require verification – E.,johnstonii<br />
attributed to F. Duncan 1981 and E.sieberi attributed to A.Grey 2002.<br />
3 Williams & Potts 1996<br />
4 Williams & Potts 1996<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
30<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Swamp peppermint (E. rodwayi). This is a relatively widespread species <strong>of</strong> poorly drained<br />
environments, usually subject to severe frosts and cold-air drainage. In <strong>Wielangta</strong> it is localised to the<br />
upper catchment <strong>of</strong> the Carlton River. This location represents an outlier on the south eastern<br />
extreme <strong>of</strong> its range.<br />
Candlebark (E. rubida). This is sparsely distributed across eastern Tasmania. The records from<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> represent the south eastern extreme <strong>of</strong> its range in Tasmania.<br />
Brookers gum (E. brookeriana). This is an unusual species with disjunct distribution in<br />
Tasmania, forming prominent stands within the swamp forests <strong>of</strong> King Island and the Woolnorth<br />
region in the far northwest and then occurring in localised pockets in eastern Tasmania on well<br />
drained rocky slopes. In <strong>Wielangta</strong> it is confined mostly to basalt hills in the south where it forms<br />
localised dominant stands.<br />
Snow gum (E. coccifera). Some <strong>of</strong> the most eastern occurrences <strong>of</strong> this Tasmanian endemic<br />
subalpine species occur in <strong>Wielangta</strong>. E. coccifera typically occupies the highest altitude sites <strong>of</strong> any<br />
Tasmanian eucalypt. It occurs on <strong>Wielangta</strong> Hill and Prossers Sugarloaf as well as Blue Gum Spur and<br />
Middle Peak. On Prossers Sugarloaf it co-occurs with the lowland occupying blue gum Eucalyptus<br />
globulus – a most unusual association.<br />
Juvenile E.coccifera (left) and E. globulus (right) co-occurring on slopes <strong>of</strong><br />
Prossers Sugarloaf.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Southern grasstree (Xanthorrhoea australis)<br />
31<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
This is generally confined to northern and north east Tasmania with a sub coastal distribution,<br />
typically associated with coastal sands and other sedimentary geologies. There are three outlying<br />
populations in southern Tasmania. In <strong>Wielangta</strong> they grow on dolerite on the slopes above the<br />
Prosser River and near The Three Thumbs. Xanthorrhoea species are highly susceptible to the plant<br />
root rot pathogen - Phytophthora cinnamomi which causes widespread mortality. This species is not<br />
listed as threatened, although the threat from disease and land clearance suggests that further<br />
protection may well be warranted.<br />
Xanthorrhoea australis in Tasmania<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Fauna<br />
32<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 142 vertebrate fauna have been recorded for <strong>Wielangta</strong> (Appendix 4). Invertebrate fauna<br />
are poorly documented although some information is available.<br />
Threatened Fauna<br />
The presence <strong>of</strong> three species <strong>of</strong> threatened fauna has been given a high pr<strong>of</strong>ile as part <strong>of</strong> the High<br />
Court Challenge brought by Senator Bob Brown in 2006. These three species were the broad toothed<br />
stag beetle, the swift parrot and the wedge-tailed eagle.<br />
Mammals<br />
Threatened Fauna Species in <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
Species Status Comment<br />
Dasyurus maculatus subsp.<br />
maculatus<br />
Spotted-tailed quoll<br />
Sarcophilus harrisii<br />
Tasmanian devil<br />
Birds<br />
Aquila audax fleayi<br />
Wedge-tailed eagle<br />
Lathamus discolor<br />
Swift parrot<br />
Haliaeetus leucogaster<br />
White-bellied sea eagle<br />
Invertebrates<br />
Lissotes latidens<br />
Broad toothed stage beetle<br />
Pseudalmenus chlorinda<br />
Tasmanian hairstreak<br />
butterfly<br />
VULNERABLE<br />
rare<br />
ENDANGERED<br />
endangered<br />
ENDANGERED<br />
endangered<br />
ENDANGERED<br />
endangered<br />
-<br />
vulnerable<br />
ENDANGERED<br />
endangered<br />
-<br />
rare<br />
Occasional records although likely to be<br />
widespread. Regular anecdotal observations and<br />
suitable habitat suggests a healthy population.<br />
Widespread. Occasional formal records. Scats<br />
observed to be common in <strong>Wielangta</strong> suggesting a<br />
healthy population.<br />
Widespread with several nesting pairs within and<br />
close to boundary <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>. Extensive forest<br />
with relative abundance <strong>of</strong> suitable nesting trees<br />
and habitats.<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> is proving to provide one <strong>of</strong> the most<br />
significant breeding areas. Extensive foraging and<br />
nesting habitat.<br />
Nest site known on Hellfire Bluff.<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> provides the core range and extensive<br />
habitat.<br />
Recorded form Sandpit Point in dry white gum (E.<br />
viminalis) forests.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Swift parrot (Lathamus discolor)<br />
33<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> only two migratory parrots found throughout the world, the other being the orange<br />
bellied parrot, another summer breeding visitor to Tasmania. The swift parrot is listed under State<br />
and Commonwealth legislation as endangered. It has also been nominated for uplisting under the<br />
EPBC Act to the highest level <strong>of</strong> risk <strong>of</strong> ‘critically endangered’. The Commonwealth are due to<br />
complete an assessment by September 2011. Population numbers and trends are extremely difficult<br />
to measure due to the sporadic breeding behaviour responding to the nectar resource. The most cited<br />
number is an estimated 1000 breeding pairs 5 .<br />
Swift parrot feeding on blue gum<br />
photo Chris Tzaros<br />
The swift parrot nests in tree hollows in Tasmania, usually in association with areas supporting<br />
flowering blue gums (Eucalyptus globulus), the largest native nectar producing eucalypt. The<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> E. globulus influences the core breeding range <strong>of</strong> the swift parrot along the Tasmanian<br />
east coast. <strong>Wielangta</strong> is placed centrally within this range and is recognised as the heart <strong>of</strong> the largest<br />
‘swift parrot important breeding area’ (SPIBA) 6 . SPIBAs are defined as “zones containing areas <strong>of</strong><br />
nesting-habitat and foraging-habitat in close proximity, assumed to be necessary for breeding in<br />
years when local conditions are suitable” 7 . The <strong>Wielangta</strong> SPIBA supports the “greatest area <strong>of</strong><br />
nesting-habitat in close proximity to foraging-habitat <strong>of</strong> all the SPIBAs” with 35% <strong>of</strong> the SPIBA<br />
estimated to support high/medium density nesting habitat. Currently only 15 % <strong>of</strong> the SPIBA is<br />
reserved.<br />
5 Swift Parrot Recovery Team (2001)<br />
6 <strong>Forest</strong> Practices Authority (2010)<br />
7 <strong>Forest</strong> Practices Authority (2010)<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
34<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
photo Alan Fletcher<br />
Breeding habits <strong>of</strong> swift parrots have been monitored in recent years. Major breeding events have<br />
occurred in <strong>Wielangta</strong> in 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2010. More than half the breeding population was<br />
estimated to have used the <strong>Wielangta</strong> area in 2008 8 . In 2010 the annual Tasmanian breeding range<br />
survey, revealed that most activity was in the <strong>Wielangta</strong> and Maria Island region 9 . The importance <strong>of</strong><br />
the <strong>Wielangta</strong> area for the conservation <strong>of</strong> the swift parrot is becoming more apparent as more data<br />
is becoming available. A key factor is the association <strong>of</strong> large tracts <strong>of</strong> mature and senescent forest,<br />
supporting an abundance <strong>of</strong> tree hollow habitat in close association with a large foraging resource.<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> supports approximately 350 ha <strong>of</strong> mapped dry Eucalyptus globulus forest (DGL) and 80 ha<br />
<strong>of</strong> wet E. globulus forest (WGL), plus a small (20ha) extent <strong>of</strong> E. ovata forest (DOV). These forest<br />
types are dominated by the preferred foraging trees <strong>of</strong> the swift parrot. There are extensive areas <strong>of</strong><br />
E. pulchella forest which can <strong>of</strong>ten include co-dominant E. globulus. ‘Globmap’ is a statewide swift<br />
parrot foraging habitat map which has picked up on this limitation <strong>of</strong> Tasveg. It has identified areas<br />
8 Threatened Species Section (2009)<br />
9 Webb and Tzaros (2010)<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
35<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> E. globulus mapped within other mapping units. Globmap suggests that <strong>Wielangta</strong> supports 3883<br />
ha <strong>of</strong> swift parrot foraging habitat.<br />
Figure 9 identifies the mapped extent <strong>of</strong> swift parrot foraging habitat. It also shows known nesting<br />
sites.<br />
The Draft Habitat Planning Guidelines for Swift Parrot 10 “aims to retain and manage breeding-habitat<br />
within SPIBAs for at least the life <strong>of</strong> the Planning Guideline”. Much <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Wielangta</strong> forest currently<br />
zoned multiple use and potentially available for future logging coupes, should be reviewed in the light<br />
<strong>of</strong> these guidelines.<br />
“The desired outcome within SPIBAs is for no net decrease in the extent <strong>of</strong> existing high and medium<br />
density nesting-habitat or foraging-habitat. Key habitat features in low density breeding-habitat<br />
should also be retained in situations where high and medium density habitat is scarce. The<br />
opportunity for recruitment <strong>of</strong> future habitat also needs to be fostered.” 11<br />
10 <strong>Forest</strong> Practices Authority (2010)<br />
11 <strong>Forest</strong> Practices Authority (2010)<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 9 Swift Parrot Habitat<br />
36<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax fleayi)<br />
37<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Alan Fletcher<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
photos<br />
Listed as endangered under both Commonwealth and State legislation, the Tasmanian subspecies <strong>of</strong><br />
the wedge-tailed eagle is notable for its larger size than its mainland counterpart. There are<br />
estimated to be between 1000 and 1500 individuals with as few as 130 successful breeding pairs 12 .<br />
There are a high proportion <strong>of</strong> inactive nests which may be due to disturbance 13 . <strong>Wielangta</strong> supports<br />
an estimated six pairs <strong>of</strong> wedge-tailed eagles 14 which is a relatively high density. Figure 10 identifies<br />
the location <strong>of</strong> all mapped wedge tailed eagle nests included on the Natural Values Atlas. There may<br />
well be additional nest sites so far not documented.<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong> includes ideal nesting habitat for wedge-tailed eagles. This is because there is a<br />
relative abundance <strong>of</strong> mature eucalypts, necessary to support the massive nests, which are in a<br />
varied topography providing numerous sheltered aspects, favoured for nest sites. The broad habitat<br />
types, including open forest and woodland, along with denser stands <strong>of</strong> gully forest and adjacent<br />
open farmland, ensures a rich food resource.<br />
12<br />
DPIPWE Native plants and Animals website. http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/SJON-<br />
573VB3?open<br />
13<br />
Threatened Species Section 2006<br />
14<br />
Mooney, N. (Transcript <strong>of</strong> High Court Challenge 20 Feb 2006)
Figure 10 Eagle and peregrine falcon Nests<br />
38<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Broad-toothed stag beetle (Lissotes latidens)<br />
photo courtesy Bob Brown On Trial website<br />
39<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
The third nationally endangered species, that was subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Wielangta</strong> High Court Challenge; the<br />
broad toothed (or <strong>Wielangta</strong>) stag beetle, is confined to Maria Island and mainland Tasmania<br />
between Orford, Runnymede and Copping. The <strong>Wielangta</strong> area captures the core range <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species. A review <strong>of</strong> the broad toothed stag beetle and forestry in <strong>Wielangta</strong>, indicates that<br />
unreserved areas <strong>of</strong> state forest in <strong>Wielangta</strong> supports 50% <strong>of</strong> the extent <strong>of</strong> potential habitat and<br />
almost all <strong>of</strong> this is marked out in provisional logging coupes 15 . Preferred habitat is associated with<br />
decaying logs in recognised wet forest communities and damp gullies in shrubby dry forest typically<br />
dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua, E. regnans, E. globulus and occasionally E. viminalis 16 .<br />
15 Underwood (2005)<br />
16 Meggs and Munks (2003)<br />
Distribution records <strong>of</strong> the<br />
broad toothed stag beetle<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
<strong>Forest</strong>ry Impacts<br />
40<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> has been subject to a long history <strong>of</strong> timber harvesting, stretching back to the beginning <strong>of</strong><br />
the 20 th Century. Much <strong>of</strong> the area has been accessed for logging; a significant proportion <strong>of</strong> the<br />
existing native forest is regrowth. This is interspersed with stands <strong>of</strong> old growth native forest where<br />
access limitations or topography prevented harvesting by traditional means.<br />
Traditional harvesting selected the best quality timber, <strong>of</strong>ten leaving stands <strong>of</strong> poor form trees. These<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten provide the most valuable habitats for fauna, in the form <strong>of</strong> hollows and rotting wood.<br />
Harvesting was patchy and opportunistic.<br />
More contemporary timber harvesting has allowed for larger scale operations, facilitated by more<br />
efficient harvesting techniques and equipment. This has allowed for clear-fell operations in some<br />
areas, utilising cable logging techniques. Regeneration has included artificial seeding following high<br />
intensity burns and there has been some conversion to plantation forests.<br />
Some drier forest communities have been selectively harvested allowing natural reseeding.<br />
Figure 11 shows the distribution <strong>of</strong> various forestry methods.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
41<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
The following table presents a breakdown <strong>of</strong> the extent <strong>of</strong> forest on State <strong>Forest</strong> and shows what<br />
proportion has been subject to modern forest harvesting.<br />
<strong>Forest</strong>ry in State <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Forest</strong> type Area ha %<br />
Old growth 1414 28<br />
Un dated regrowth forest (pre 1970 approx) 1540 31<br />
Naturally seeded regeneration forest (seed<br />
tree retention) – State <strong>Forest</strong> only<br />
927 19<br />
Artificially regenerated native forest – State 994 20<br />
<strong>Forest</strong> only<br />
Eucalypt plantation 109 2<br />
Total 4984<br />
Sources: FT forest regeneration layer and photo aerial interpretation <strong>of</strong> Google Earth images from Jan<br />
2008<br />
The full extent <strong>of</strong> plantation within the study area exceeds 2179 ha with more than 95 % on private<br />
land. An unknown proportion <strong>of</strong> the plantation on private land is established on land that has been<br />
long cleared <strong>of</strong> forest and managed more recently as pasture.<br />
The resilience <strong>of</strong> native forest communities to harvesting and regeneration varies, depending on type.<br />
Drier communities are generally fire adapted and so better suited to regeneration, although some<br />
species are less tolerant <strong>of</strong> harvesting and so are adversely impacted by this regime. Rainforest,<br />
mixed forest and some wet forest communities include fire sensitive species, which fail to regenerate<br />
after harvesting, as silvicultural standards require these forest types to be subject to a hot burn to<br />
achieve adequate eucalypt restocking.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 11 <strong>Forest</strong>ry in <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
42<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Conservation Assessment and<br />
Recommendations<br />
<strong>Forest</strong> <strong>of</strong> High Conservation Significance<br />
43<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
A high conservation forest map has been developed which considers a number <strong>of</strong> important values.<br />
These areas may warrant consideration in any land use management planning and future reserve<br />
design.<br />
The following values are captured in this map:<br />
• threatened vegetation. Communities classified as threatened under the Nature<br />
Conservation Act 2002.<br />
• sensitive vegetation (rainforest/mixed forest / oyster bay pine) - these<br />
communities are not able to tolerate standard harvesting and regeneration.<br />
• swift parrot habitat. This includes buffers <strong>of</strong> 100m around known nest sites and foraging<br />
habitat identified in GlobMap.<br />
• eagle nest habitat. 500m buffer around all nests.<br />
• broad toothed stag beetle records. 100m buffer.<br />
• threatened flora records. 100m buffer.<br />
• significant flora (as listed in this report). 100m buffer.<br />
• old growth forest RFA mapping layer 2001.<br />
Clearly, the accuracy <strong>of</strong> the maps is dependent upon the data. There are some areas, particularly<br />
within the reserved lands or private land, that have not been well surveyed and so are data deficient.<br />
They may overlook areas <strong>of</strong> high conservation.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 12 High Conservation Values in <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
44<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 13 High Conservation Vegetation in <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
45<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> Reserve Proposal<br />
46<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
The aim <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Wielangta</strong> reserve proposal is to protect the unique values <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> and create a<br />
robust reserve design. The proposal reduces the ‘edge effect’ <strong>of</strong> numerous small reserves and aims to<br />
provide a biogeographic link between existing reserves and surrounding landscapes.<br />
The proposal is to link the Three Thumbs, <strong>Wielangta</strong>, Sandspit and Cape Bernier Reserves to create a<br />
new <strong>Wielangta</strong> State Reserve.<br />
This can be achieved by:<br />
• upgrading some <strong>of</strong> the existing network <strong>of</strong> Informal Reserves to State Reserve status (2307<br />
ha).<br />
• conversion <strong>of</strong> some additional areas <strong>of</strong> State <strong>Forest</strong> to State Reserve.<br />
A Habitat Restoration Zone is proposed to harvest and regenerate a small area (89 ha) <strong>of</strong> plantation.<br />
This area is centrally located in the proposed reserve and worthy <strong>of</strong> restoration to native vegetation<br />
following commercial harvesting <strong>of</strong> the planted trees.<br />
The reserve extension will incorporate the geoheritage site “<strong>Wielangta</strong> Slump Landform Complex”,<br />
previously proposed as the <strong>Wielangta</strong> Lake <strong>Forest</strong> Reserve. It would also provide reservation for an<br />
additional five plant species and increase the known number <strong>of</strong> swift parrot nests that are reserved<br />
from 19 to over 60.<br />
The following table shows a comparison between what is already reserved and what will be added<br />
with the proposed extension.<br />
What is notable is the significant increase in the reservation <strong>of</strong> wet forest that would be achieved by<br />
these changes. Currently only 14 % <strong>of</strong> wet forest is reserved. This would be increased to 66 %<br />
including a significant increase in the area <strong>of</strong> forestry sensitive mixed forest.<br />
Other achievements would be a substantial increase in the area <strong>of</strong> reserved swift parrot habitat and<br />
old growth forest.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Reserve Comparison<br />
Value Existing<br />
Formal<br />
Reserve (ha)<br />
Old growth 4491 3079<br />
Blue gum foraging habitat - Globmap 783 637<br />
Mixed forest (rainforest understorey) 136 314<br />
TASVEG<br />
Rainforest (and scrub) RMU 209 39<br />
E.regnans forest (WRE) 92 680<br />
E.delegatensis wet forest (WDU) 19 0<br />
E.obliqua wet forest (WOU) 331 1618<br />
E.globulus wet forest (WGL) 48 23<br />
E.delegatensis dry forest (DDE) 63 23<br />
E.obliqua dry forest (DOB) 281 862<br />
E. globulus dry forest(DGL) 0 78<br />
E.amygdalina dry forest on dolerite (DAD) 39 0<br />
E.amygdalina dry forest on sandstone (DAS) 36 5<br />
E.pulchella forest (DPU) 4218 2537<br />
C.rhomboidea forest (NCR) 167 1<br />
Acacia dealbata forest (NAD) 21 93<br />
Bursaria woodland (NBA) 0 29<br />
Lowland grassland complex GCL 4 0<br />
Broad leaved scrub (SBR) 134 78<br />
Dry scrub (SDU) 12 1<br />
Wet heath (SHW) 28 15<br />
Leptospermum scrub (SLW) 9 35<br />
Riparian scrub (SRI) 20 0<br />
Plantation (FPL) 2 89<br />
Other non native mapping (FAG) 9 9<br />
Total 5742 6215<br />
47<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Additional<br />
Reserve (ha)<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Figure 14 <strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> Reserve Proposal<br />
48<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
49<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Tasmanian <strong>Forest</strong>s Intergovernmental Agreement<br />
The Tasmanian <strong>Forest</strong>s Intergovernmental Agreement between the Federal and Tasmanian<br />
Governments formalises a process <strong>of</strong> extensive consultation between the forest industry and<br />
environmental stakeholders. The outcome <strong>of</strong> this agreement will result in further areas <strong>of</strong> high<br />
conservation forest being incorporated into the Tasmanian reserve system. Initially 430 000 hectares<br />
has been placed into an informal reserve. This land will be subject to independent verification which<br />
will ultimately result in the identification <strong>of</strong> areas to be protected in permanent reserve. The<br />
environmental stakeholders have nominated 570 000 hectares <strong>of</strong> high conservation forest for<br />
protection. Environment Tasmania is one <strong>of</strong> the environmental stakeholders along with the<br />
<strong>Wild</strong>erness Society and the Australian Conservation Foundation. Environment Tasmania is a<br />
conservation council that represents more than 20 Tasmanian environment groups including <strong>Wild</strong><br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong>.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> recognise the Statement <strong>of</strong> Principles which lead to the Intergovernmental Agreement<br />
and acknowledge the identification <strong>of</strong> high conservation areas represents a compromise between the<br />
interests <strong>of</strong> conservation <strong>of</strong> the needs <strong>of</strong> the forest industry.<br />
The proposed additional reserve areas that come out <strong>of</strong> this agreement include 5120 ha for<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong>. These are represented in Figure 15 and the additional values captured by these extensions<br />
are summarized below.<br />
Value Additional Reserve (ha)<br />
Old growth 2735<br />
Blue gum foraging habitat - Globmap 624<br />
Mixed forest (rainforest understorey) 301<br />
Tasveg<br />
Rainforest (and scrub) (RMU) 31<br />
E.regnans forest (WRE) 527<br />
E.obliqua wet forest (WOU) 1372<br />
E.globulus wet forest (WGL) 23<br />
E.delegatensis dry forest (DDE) 10<br />
E.obliqua dry forest (DOB) 621<br />
E. globulus dry forest(DGL) 78<br />
E.pulchella forest (DPU) 2115<br />
C.rhomboidea forest (NCR) 1<br />
Acacia dealbata forest (NAD) 93<br />
Bursaria woodland (NBA) 29<br />
Broad leaved scrub (SBR) 77<br />
Wet heath (SHW) 15<br />
Leptospermum scrub (SLW) 36<br />
Plantation FPL 84<br />
Other non native mapping units 8<br />
Total 5120<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
50<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Figure 15 Tasmanian <strong>Forest</strong>s Intergovernmental Agreement Reserve<br />
Proposal<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
National Heritage Listing<br />
51<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Significant areas <strong>of</strong> High Conservation Value forest have also been identified on private land. Much <strong>of</strong><br />
the privately owned High Conservation Value forest identified in the report constitutes swift parrot<br />
breeding and foraging areas.<br />
No areas <strong>of</strong> private land have been included in the reserve proposal. However, the cooperation <strong>of</strong><br />
private landholders, to manage or reserve areas <strong>of</strong> high conservation value on private land, would<br />
compliment the proposed reserve system. This would help achieve planning guidelines for the<br />
management <strong>of</strong> Swift parrot important breeding areas (SPIBA’s). There should also be incentives to<br />
restore habitat trees on previously cleared land.<br />
Collectively these areas are worthy <strong>of</strong> inclusion on the National Heritage list. This mechanism would<br />
confirm the national significance <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
References<br />
52<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Blake, G.M. (1999). The Natural History National Estate Values <strong>of</strong> Nugent / <strong>Wielangta</strong> [i.e. <strong>Wielangta</strong>]<br />
Region Stage 2: Project no. 9605.<br />
Coates, F. (1993). A Botanical Survey <strong>of</strong> the Vegetation and Flora within <strong>Wielangta</strong> Planning Unit 02,<br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> State <strong>Forest</strong>. Unpublished report to the <strong>Forest</strong>ry Commission, Tasmania.<br />
Craven, B., Watts, S., Ziegler, K. and Ziegeler, D. (1999). Supplement to North et al 1998.<br />
Duncan, F. (1993). Comments on Recommendations made on WTU02 by Coates (1993). An internal<br />
report prepared for the <strong>Forest</strong> Practices Board.<br />
Duncan, F. (1988). Vegetation <strong>of</strong> Proposed “<strong>Wielangta</strong> Lake” <strong>Forest</strong> Reserve. An internal report<br />
prepared for the Tasmanian <strong>Forest</strong>ry Commission.<br />
<strong>Forest</strong> Practices Authority (2010). Species Habitat Planning Guideline for the conservation<br />
management <strong>of</strong> Lathamus discolor (Swift Parrot) in areas regulated under the Tasmanian <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Practices System An internal report prepared for the <strong>Forest</strong> Practices Authority.<br />
Grove, S., Richards, K, Spencer, C. and Yaxley, B. (2006). What lives under large logs in Tasmanian<br />
eucalypt forest. The Tasmanian Naturalist 128:86-93.<br />
JANIS 1997 Nationally Agreed Criteria for the Establishment <strong>of</strong> a Comprehensive, Adequate and<br />
Representative Reserve System for <strong>Forest</strong>s in Australia. A report by the Joint ANZECC / MCFFA<br />
National <strong>Forest</strong> Policy Statement Implementation Sub –Committee.<br />
Meggs, JM and Munks, SA. (2003). Distribution, habitat characteristics and conservation requirements<br />
<strong>of</strong> a forest-dependent threatened invertebrate Lissotes latidens (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), Journal <strong>of</strong><br />
Insect Conservation, 7, (3) pp. 137-152. ISSN 1366-638X (2003) [Refereed Article].<br />
North, A.J., Johnson, K., Ziegler, K., Duncan, F., Hopkins, K., Ziegeler, D., Watts, S. (1998). Flora <strong>of</strong><br />
Recommended Areas for Protection and <strong>Forest</strong> Reserves in Tasmania. <strong>Forest</strong>ry Tasmania / <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Practices Board / Parks & <strong>Wild</strong>life Service, Hobart.<br />
Sharples, C. (2002). Concepts and Principles <strong>of</strong> Geoconservation Version 3. Published on Tasmanian<br />
Parks & <strong>Wild</strong>life Service website September 2002.<br />
Swift Parrot Recovery Team (2001). Swift Parrot Recovery Plan. DPIWE, Hobart.<br />
Tasmanian Public Land Use. Commission 1996. Tasmanian-, Commonwealth Regional <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Agreement, Environment and Heritage Report, Vol. I, Background Report, Part C.<br />
Threatened Species Section (2006). Threatened Tasmanian Eagles Recovery Plan 2006-2010.<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Primary Industries and Water, Hobart.<br />
Threatened Species Section (2009). Swift Parrot Breeding Season Survey Report 2008/09/.<br />
Threatened Species section, <strong>Biodiversity</strong> and Conservation Branch, Department <strong>of</strong> Primary Industries<br />
and Water.<br />
Underwood, S. (2005). <strong>Wielangta</strong>, <strong>Forest</strong>ry and the broad toothed stag beetle. Background report.<br />
Webb and Tzaros (2010). Swift Parrot Breeding Range Survey 2010 - Preliminary findings.<br />
Unpublished.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
53<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
William K.J. and Potts, B.M. (1996). The natural distribution <strong>of</strong> Eucalyptus spcies in Tasmania.<br />
Tasforests Vol 8. pp39-156. <strong>Forest</strong>ry Tasmania.<br />
Ziegeler D. (1998). Results <strong>of</strong> field surveys <strong>of</strong> the potential occurance <strong>of</strong> RFA communities requiring<br />
further “reservation” (as listed by the <strong>Forest</strong> Practices Board), <strong>of</strong> CAR 399 (Sandspit), DU009B,<br />
DU005A DU006A, RP002B, conducted in June / July 1998. An internal report prepared for <strong>Forest</strong>ry<br />
Tasmania.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Appendix 1: Previous Assessments<br />
54<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong> Planning Unit 02. Fiona Coates March 1993. This report describes the results <strong>of</strong> 10 days <strong>of</strong><br />
botanical survey <strong>of</strong> an area <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> State <strong>Forest</strong> occupying approximately 3000 hectares<br />
extending from Blue Gum Spur north to Griffiths Rivulet. This area incorporates key land marks such<br />
as <strong>Wielangta</strong> Hill, Prosser Sugarloaf and the upper catchment <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> Creek. Coates recorded<br />
241 vascular plant species that included 33 Tasmanian endemics. 30 floristic communities were<br />
described.<br />
A review <strong>of</strong> this report was prepared by Duncan (1993). Duncan suggests it is likely that another 50-<br />
100 species occur in the area <strong>of</strong> WTU02. 11 <strong>of</strong> the 30 communities are considered to have the<br />
highest conservation significance.<br />
Greg Blake (1999) compiled a report on the heritage values <strong>of</strong> the area as part <strong>of</strong> a submission in<br />
support <strong>of</strong> a nomination for listing on the Register <strong>of</strong> the National Estate. This included data from<br />
vertebrate and invertebrate surveys.<br />
Duncan (1988) undertook a botanical survey <strong>of</strong> the proposed <strong>Wielangta</strong> Lake <strong>Forest</strong> Reserve. A<br />
provisional logging coupe within this area was subject to detailed survey by David Ziegeler (1998).<br />
This work demonstrated that the state vegetation mapping is an over simplification. The area is<br />
mapped on Tasveg as E. pulchella forest (DPU) and E. obliqua dry forest (DOB). The detailed survey<br />
demonstrated that the area supports E. amygdalina on sandstone (DAS) and E. amygdalina forest on<br />
dolerite (DAD).<br />
Two <strong>of</strong> the reserved lands have been subject to targeted botanical survey. These include:<br />
Sandspit River <strong>Forest</strong> Reserve 1996 (North et al 1998)<br />
Cape Bernier State Reserve Extension 1998 (Craven et al 1999)<br />
Although these studies did not include vegetation mapping they describe greater variability in the<br />
forest associations than are shown on current Tasveg mapping.<br />
David Ziegeler undertook a broad survey <strong>of</strong> the entire <strong>Wielangta</strong> area in 2003 for <strong>Forest</strong>ry Tasmania.<br />
This was to provide context to a planned harvesting impacts over subsequent years. This data has<br />
not been made publicly available.<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
55<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Appendix 2: Native Vegetation Communities <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
The reserve analysis includes all formal and informal reserves.<br />
VEGCODE Description<br />
Saltmarsh and wetland<br />
Total Area Reserved<br />
Area<br />
%<br />
AUS Saltmarsh (undifferentiated) 210.8 189.8 90.0<br />
AWU wetland (undifferentiated) 13.2 5.1 38.7<br />
Total<br />
Native Grassland<br />
224.1 194.9 87.0<br />
GCL Lowland grassland complex 448.4 9.4 2.1<br />
GHC Coastal grass and herbfield 18.1 18.0 99.1<br />
GPL Lowland Poa labillardierei grassland 87.4 1.9 2.2<br />
Total<br />
Dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest<br />
553.9 29.3 5.3<br />
DAD E. amygdalina forest /woodland on dolerite 347.9 39.5 11.3<br />
DAS E. amygdalina forest / woodland on sandstone 807.7 186.1 23.0<br />
DDE E. delegatensis dry forest and woodland 85.8 72.3 84.3<br />
DGL E. globulus dry forest and woodland 346.7 134.8 38.9<br />
DOB E. obliqua dry forest and woodland 2225.5 511.7 23.0<br />
DOV E. ovata forest and woodland 27.7 5.2 18.7<br />
DPU E. pulchella forest and woodland 18303.8 6256.7 34.2<br />
DRO E. rodwayi forest and woodland 14.2 0.0 0.0<br />
DVC E. viminalis coastal forest and woodland 98.6 97.9 99.2<br />
DVG E. viminalis grassy forest and woodland 0.3 0.0 0.0<br />
Total 22258.2 7304.0 32.8<br />
Non eucalypt forest and scrub<br />
NAD Acacia dealbata forest 252.7 59.7 23.6<br />
NBA Bursaria - Acacia woodland and scrub 118.9 33.5 28.2<br />
NCR Callitris rhomboidea forest 216.2 166.6 77.1<br />
SAC Acacia longifolia coastal scrub 27.1 24.7 91.2<br />
SBR Broadleaf scrub 268.6 179.2 66.7<br />
SDU Dry scrub 20.9 12.0 57.4<br />
SHU Inland Heathland (undifferentiated) 76.5 46.0 60.1<br />
SHW Wet heathland 114.9 45.5 39.6<br />
SLW Leptospermum scrub 61.0 30.7 50.4<br />
SMR Melaleuca squarrosa scrub 8.6 1.0 12.1<br />
SRI Riparian scrub 25.6 20.1 78.6<br />
SSC Coastal Scrub 13.3 0.7 5.0<br />
Total<br />
Wet eucalypt forest<br />
1204.2 619.8 51.5<br />
WBR E.brookeriana wet forest 5.4 0.1 2.7<br />
WDU E. delegatensis wet forest (undifferentiated) 19.1 19.1 100<br />
WGL E. globulus wet forest 79.6 51.4 64.5<br />
WOU E. obliqua wet forest (undifferentiated) 2519.5 899.7 35.7<br />
WRE E. regnans forest 875.5 205.3 23.4<br />
Total<br />
Rainforest<br />
3499.2 1175.7 33.6<br />
RLS Leptospermum with rainforest scrub 13.4 0.0 0.0<br />
RMU Noth<strong>of</strong>agus rainforest undifferentiated 271.2 220.3 81.2<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
56<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
VEGCODE Description Total Area Reserved<br />
Area<br />
%<br />
Total<br />
Agriculture and other non- native units<br />
284.5 220.3 77.4<br />
FAG Agricultural land 3902.1 187.3 4.8<br />
FPF Pteridium esculentum fernland 219.4 10.8 4.9<br />
FRG Regenerating cleared land 215.3 2.3 1.1<br />
FUM Extra-urban miscellaneous 5.2 2.6 49.1<br />
FUR Urban areas 44.1 1.8 4.0<br />
FWU Weed infestation 7.8 3.5 44.6<br />
Total<br />
Plantation<br />
4394.0 208.3 4.7<br />
FPL 740.5 0.0 0.0<br />
FPU 1487.5 36.5 2.5<br />
Total<br />
Other<br />
2228.0 36.5 1.6<br />
OAQ Water, sea 22.4 0.0 0.2<br />
ORO Lichen lithosere (rock) 4.0 4.0 100<br />
OSM Sand, mud 9.7 9.7 99.7<br />
Total 36.1 13.7 38.0<br />
Grand<br />
Total<br />
34682.3 9802.5 28.3<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
57<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Appendix 3: Vascular Plant Species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
(derived from Natural Values Atlas records)<br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Aizoaceae Tetragonia implexicoma bower spinach<br />
Amaranthaceae Hemichroa pentandra trailing saltstar<br />
Apiaceae Apium prostratum sea parsley<br />
Apiaceae Daucus glochidiatus australian carrot<br />
Apiaceae Eryngium vesiculosum prickfoot<br />
Apiaceae Hydrocotyle hirta hairy pennywort<br />
Apiaceae Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides shining pennywort<br />
Apiaceae Xanthosia dissecta cutleaf crossherb<br />
Apiaceae Xanthosia pilosa woolly crossherb<br />
Apiaceae Xanthosia ternifolia shrubby crossherb<br />
Apocynaceae Parsonsia brownii twining silkpod<br />
Araliaceae Polyscias sambucifolia elderberry panax<br />
Asteraceae Apalochlamys spectabilis sticky firebush<br />
Asteraceae Argentipallium dealbatum white everlasting<br />
Asteraceae Bedfordia linearis slender blanket leaf<br />
Asteraceae Bedfordia salicina tasmanian blanketleaf<br />
Asteraceae Bellis perennis english daisy i<br />
Asteraceae Brachyscome aculeata hill daisy<br />
Asteraceae Brachyscome graminea grass daisy<br />
Brachyscome spathulata<br />
Asteraceae<br />
subsp. glabra blue daisy<br />
Asteraceae Cassinia aculeata dollybush<br />
Asteraceae Centipeda minima spreading sneezeweed<br />
Asteraceae Chrysanthemoides monilifera boneseed i<br />
Asteraceae Chrysocephalum apiculatum<br />
Chrysocephalum<br />
common everlasting<br />
Asteraceae<br />
semipapposum clustered everlasting<br />
Asteraceae Cirsium arvense californian thistle i<br />
Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare spear thistle i<br />
Asteraceae Conyza bonariensis flaxleaf fleabane i<br />
Asteraceae Craspedia glauca common billybuttons<br />
Asteraceae Dittrichia graveolens stinkweed i<br />
Asteraceae Euchiton collinus common cottonleaf<br />
Asteraceae Euchiton involucratus star cottonleaf<br />
Asteraceae Euchiton sphaericus globe cottonleaf<br />
Asteraceae Helichrysum scorpioides curling everlasting<br />
Asteraceae Hypochoeris radicata rough catsear i<br />
Asteraceae Lagenophora hueglii coarse bottledaisy<br />
Asteraceae Lagenophora montana mountain bottledaisy<br />
Asteraceae Lagenophora stipitata blue bottledaisy<br />
Leontodon taraxacoides<br />
Asteraceae<br />
subsp. taraxacoides hairy hawkbit i<br />
Asteraceae Leptinella longipes coast buttons<br />
Asteraceae Leptinella reptans creeping buttons<br />
Leptorhynchos squamatus<br />
Asteraceae<br />
subsp. squamatus scaly buttons<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
58<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Asteraceae Odixia achlaena golden everlastingbush<br />
Asteraceae Odixia angusta roundhead everlastingbush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia algida alpine daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia archeri leathery daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia argophylla musk daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia ciliata fringed daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia erubescens moth daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia floribunda flowery daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia glandulosa swamp daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia lirata forest daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia myrsinoides silky daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia persoonioides geebung daisybush<br />
Olearia phlogopappa var.<br />
Asteraceae<br />
angustifolia narrowleaf dusty daisybush<br />
Olearia phlogopappa var.<br />
Asteraceae<br />
salicifolia willowleaf dusty daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia ramulosa twiggy daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia stellulata sawleaf daisybush<br />
Asteraceae Olearia viscosa viscid daisybush<br />
cotton thistle or scotch<br />
Asteraceae Onopordum acanthium thistle i<br />
Asteraceae Ozothamnus antennaria sticky everlastingbush<br />
Asteraceae Ozothamnus ferrugineus tree everlastingbush<br />
Asteraceae Ozothamnus lycopodioides clubmoss everlastingbush<br />
Asteraceae Ozothamnus purpurascens columnar everlastingbush<br />
Asteraceae Ozothamnus reticulatus veined everlastingbush<br />
Asteraceae Ozothamnus rodwayi alpine everlastingbush<br />
Asteraceae Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius swamp everlastingbush<br />
Asteraceae Ozothamnus scutellifolius buttonleaf everlastingbush<br />
Asteraceae Ozothamnus thyrsoideus us<br />
Pseudognaphalium<br />
arching everlastingbush<br />
Asteraceae<br />
luteoalbum jersey cudweed i<br />
Asteraceae Senecio biserratus crosscut fireweed<br />
Asteraceae Senecio glomeratus purple fireweed<br />
Asteraceae Senecio hispidulus rough fireweed<br />
Asteraceae Senecio pinnatifolius variable groundsel<br />
fireweed or fireweed<br />
Asteraceae Senecio linearifolius<br />
groundsel<br />
Asteraceae Senecio minimus shrubby fireweed<br />
Asteraceae Senecio quadridentatus cotton fireweed<br />
Asteraceae Solenogyne dominii smooth flat-herb<br />
Asteraceae Solenogyne gunnii hairy flat-herb<br />
Asteraceae Sonchus asper prickly sow thistle i<br />
Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus common sowthistle i<br />
Asteraceae Taraxacum <strong>of</strong>ficinale common dandelion i<br />
Asteraceae Vellereophyton dealbatum white cudweed i<br />
Atherosperma moschatum<br />
Atherospermataceae subsp. moschatum sassafras<br />
Boraginaceae Cynoglossum suaveolens sweet houndstongue<br />
Brassicaceae Cardamine sp bittercress<br />
Brassicaceae Lepidium latifolium perennial peppercress i<br />
Brassicaceae Rorippa dictyosperma forest bittercress<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
59<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Burmanniaceae Thismia rodwayi fairy lanterns<br />
Campanulaceae Isotoma fluviatilis swamp isotome<br />
Campanulaceae Lobelia anceps angled lobelia<br />
Campanulaceae Lobelia gibbosa tall lobelia<br />
Campanulaceae Lobelia rhombifolia tufted lobelia<br />
Campanulaceae Pratia pedunculata matted pratia<br />
Campanulaceae Pratia surrepens mud pratia<br />
Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia gracilenta annual bluebell<br />
Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia gracilis sprawling bluebell<br />
Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia gymnoclada naked bluebell<br />
Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia littoricola shore-side bluebell<br />
Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia stricta tall bluebell<br />
Caprifoliaceae Sambucus gaudichaudiana white elderberry<br />
Caryophyllaceae Cerastium vulgare mouse-ear chickweed i<br />
Colobanthus apetalus var.<br />
Caryophyllaceae apetalus coast cupflower<br />
Caryophyllaceae Scleranthus biflorus twinflower knawel<br />
Caryophyllaceae Silene gallica french catchfly i<br />
Caryophyllaceae Spergularia media coastal sand-spurry i<br />
Caryophyllaceae Stellaria multiflora rayless starwort<br />
Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina littoralis black sheoak<br />
Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina monilifera necklace sheoak<br />
Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina verticillata drooping sheoak<br />
Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium glaucum pale goosefoot i<br />
Chenopodiaceae Einadia nutans subsp. nutans<br />
Rhagodia candolleana subsp.<br />
climbing saltbush<br />
Chenopodiaceae candolleana coastal saltbush<br />
Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora beaded glasswort<br />
Chenopodiaceae Suaeda australis southern seablite<br />
Clusiaceae Hypericum gramineum small st johns-wort<br />
Clusiaceae Hypericum japonicum matted st johns-wort<br />
Convolvulus angustissimus<br />
Convolvulaceae subsp. angustissimus blushing bindweed<br />
Convolvulaceae Dichondra repens kidneyweed<br />
Convolvulaceae Wilsonia backhousei narrowleaf wilsonia<br />
Convolvulaceae Wilsonia rotundifolia roundleaf wilsonia<br />
Crassulaceae Crassula closiana stalked stonecrop<br />
Crassulaceae Crassula sieberiana australian stonecrop<br />
Crassulaceae Echeveria sp. hen and chicks i<br />
Cunoniaceae Bauera rubioides wiry bauera<br />
Dilleniaceae Hibbertia empetrifolia scrambling guinea-flower<br />
Dilleniaceae Hibbertia hirsuta hairy guineaflower<br />
Dilleniaceae Hibbertia procumbens spreading guineaflower<br />
Dilleniaceae Hibbertia prostrata prostrate guineaflower<br />
Dilleniaceae Hibbertia riparia erect guineaflower<br />
Dilleniaceae Hibbertia serpyllifolia thyme guineaflower<br />
Drosera peltata subsp.<br />
Droseraceae<br />
auriculata tall sundew<br />
Drosera peltata subsp.<br />
Droseraceae<br />
peltata pale sundew<br />
Droseraceae Drosera spatulata rosysundew<br />
Elaeocarpaceae Aristotelia peduncularis heartberry<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
60<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Epacridaceae Acrotriche serrulata ants delight<br />
Epacridaceae Astroloma humifusum native cranberry<br />
Epacridaceae Brachyloma ciliatum fringed heath<br />
Epacridaceae Cyathodes divaricata divaricate cheeseberry<br />
Epacridaceae Cyathodes glauca purple cheeseberry<br />
Epacridaceae Cyathodes juniperina pink or crimson berry<br />
Epacridaceae Cyathodes parvifolia pink mountain berry<br />
Epacridaceae Cyathodes pendulosa pendulous montain berry<br />
Epacridaceae Epacris gunnii coral heath<br />
Epacridaceae Epacris impressa common heath<br />
Epacridaceae Epacris lanuginosa swamp heath<br />
Epacridaceae Epacris marginata rigid heath<br />
Epacridaceae Epacris obtusifolia bluntleaf heath<br />
Epacridaceae Epacris tasmanica eastern heath<br />
Epacridaceae Epacris virgata (Kettering) pretty heath<br />
Epacridaceae Leucopogon collinus white beardheath<br />
Epacridaceae Leucopogon ericoides pink beardheath<br />
Epacridaceae Leucopogon parviflorus coast beardheath<br />
Epacridaceae Leucopogon virgatus common beard-heath<br />
Lissanthe strigosa subsp.<br />
Epacridaceae<br />
subulata peachberry heath<br />
Epacridaceae Monotoca empetrifolia mat broomheath<br />
Epacridaceae Monotoca glauca goldey wood<br />
Epacridaceae Monotoca submutica round-leaf monotoca<br />
Epacridaceae Pentachondra involucrata forest frillyheath<br />
Epacridaceae Sprengelia incarnata pink swampheath<br />
Ericaceae Erica baccans berryflower heath i<br />
Escalloniaceae Anopterus glandulosus tasmanian laurel<br />
Amperea xiphoclada var.<br />
Euphorbiaceae xiphoclada broom spurge<br />
Euphorbiaceae Beyeria viscosa pinkwood<br />
Euphorbiaceae Micrantheum hexandrum river tridentbush<br />
Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus australis southern spurge<br />
Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus gunnii shrubby spurge<br />
Euphorbiaceae Poranthera microphylla small poranthera<br />
Fabaceae Aotus ericoides golden pea<br />
Fabaceae Bossiaea cinerea showy bossia<br />
Fabaceae Bossiaea prostrata creeping bossia<br />
Fabaceae Daviesia latifolia hop bitterpea<br />
Fabaceae Daviesia sejugata leafy spiky bitterpea<br />
Daviesia ulicifolia subsp.<br />
Fabaceae<br />
ulicifolia yellow spiky bitterpea<br />
Fabaceae Dillwynia glaberrima smooth parrotpea<br />
Fabaceae Dillwynia sericea showy parrotpea<br />
Fabaceae Gompholobium huegelii common wedgepea<br />
Fabaceae Hovea heterophylla winter purplepea<br />
Fabaceae Indig<strong>of</strong>era australis native indigo<br />
Fabaceae Kennedia prostrata running postman<br />
Fabaceae Lotus uliginosus greater birdsfoot-trefoil<br />
Fabaceae Oxylobium ellipticum<br />
Pultenaea daphnoides var.<br />
golden shaggypea<br />
Fabaceae<br />
obcordata heartleaf bushpea<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
61<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Fabaceae Pultenaea gunnii golden bushpea<br />
Fabaceae Pultenaea juniperina prickly beauty<br />
Fabaceae Pultenaea pedunculata matted bushpea<br />
Fabaceae Sphaerolobium minus eastern globepea<br />
Fabaceae Trifolium dubium suckling clover i<br />
Fabaceae Trifolium repens white clover i<br />
Fabaceae Trifolium subterraneum subterranean clover i<br />
Fabaceae Ulex europaeus gorse i<br />
Fabaceae Vicia sp. vetch i<br />
Gentianaceae Centaurium erythraea common centaury i<br />
Gentianaceae Centaurium tenuiflorum slender centaury i<br />
Gentianaceae Sebaea ovata yellow sebaea<br />
Geraniaceae Geranium potentilloides mountain cranesbill<br />
Geranium sessiliflorum<br />
Geraniaceae<br />
subsp. brevicaule alpine cranesbill<br />
Geraniaceae Geranium solanderi southern cranesbill<br />
Geraniaceae Pelargonium australe southern storksbill<br />
Geraniaceae Pelargonium inodorum annual storksbill<br />
Goodeniaceae Goodenia elongata lanky native-primrose<br />
Goodeniaceae Goodenia lanata trailing native-primrose<br />
Goodeniaceae Goodenia ovata hop native-primrose<br />
Gyrostemonaceae Gyrostemon thesioides broom wheelfruit<br />
Haloragaceae Gonocarpus humilis shade raspwort<br />
Gonocarpus micranthus<br />
Haloragaceae subsp. micranthus creeping raspwort<br />
Haloragaceae Gonocarpus tetragynus common raspwort<br />
Haloragaceae Gonocarpus teucrioides forest raspwort<br />
Haloragaceae Haloragis heterophylla variable raspwort<br />
Haloragaceae Myriophyllum pedunculatum mat water-milfoil<br />
Haloragaceae Myriophyllum salsugineum lake watermilfoil<br />
Haloragaceae Myriophyllum simulans amphibious watermilfoil<br />
Juncaginaceae Triglochin procerum greater waterribbons<br />
Juncaginaceae Triglochin rheophilum stream waterribbons<br />
Lamiaceae Ajuga australis australian bugle<br />
Lamiaceae Marrubium vulgare white horehound i<br />
Mentha diemenica var.<br />
Lamiaceae<br />
serpyllifolia<br />
Prostanthera lasianthos var.<br />
thymeleaf mint<br />
Lamiaceae<br />
lasianthos christmas mintbush<br />
Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris selfheal<br />
Lamiaceae Teucrium corymbosum forest germander<br />
Lauraceae Cassytha glabella glabrous dodderlaurel<br />
Lauraceae Cassytha pubescens downy dodderlaurel<br />
Linaceae Linum marginale native flax<br />
Linaceae Linum trigynum french flax<br />
Loganiaceae Mitrasacme pilosa var. stuartii stalked hairy mitrewort<br />
Loganiaceae Phyllangium divergens wiry mitrewort<br />
Malvaceae Asterotrichion discolor tasmanian currajong<br />
Malvaceae Lawrencia spicata candle saltmallow<br />
Acacia dealbata subsp.<br />
Mimosaceae<br />
dealbata silver wattle<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia derwentiana derwent wattle<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
62<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia genistifolia spreading wattle<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia gunnii ploughshare wattle<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia mearnsii black wattle<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia melanoxylon blackwood<br />
Acacia mucronata subsp.<br />
Mimosaceae<br />
mucronata erect caterpillar wattle<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia myrtifolia redstem wattle<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia riceana arching wattle<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia stricta hop wattle<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia suaveolens sweet wattle<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia verniciflua varnish wattle<br />
Acacia verticillata subsp.<br />
Mimosaceae<br />
verticillata prickly mimosa<br />
Acacia verticillata subsp..<br />
Mimosaceae<br />
ruscifolia broadleaf prickly mimosa<br />
Monimiaceae Atherosperma moschatum sassafras<br />
Myoporaceae Myoporum insulare common boobialla<br />
Myrtaceae Callistemon pallidus yellow bottlebrush<br />
Myrtaceae Callistemon viridiflorus prickly bottlebrush<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus amygdalina black peppermint<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus barberi barbers gum<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus brookeriana brookers gum<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus coccifera snow peppermint<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus cordata tasmanian silver gum<br />
Eucalyptus dalrympleana<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
subsp. dalrympleana mountain white gum<br />
Eucalyptus delegatensis<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
subsp. tasmaniensis<br />
Eucalyptus globulus subsp.<br />
gumtopped stringybark<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
globulus tasmanian blue gum<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus johnstonii yellow gum<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus nitens shining gum i<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus obliqua stringybark<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus ovata var. ovata<br />
Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp.<br />
black gum<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
pauciflora cabbage gum<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus pulchella white peppermint<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus regnans giant ash<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus rodwayi swamp peppermint<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus rubida candlebark<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sieberi ironbark<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus tenuiramis silver peppermint<br />
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus urnigera<br />
Eucalyptus viminalis subsp.<br />
urn gum<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
viminalis white gum<br />
Euryomyrtus ramosissima<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
subsp. ramosissima rosy heathmyrtle<br />
Myrtaceae Leptospermum lanigerum woolly teatree<br />
Leptospermum scoparium<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
var. eximium broadleaf common teatree<br />
Leptospermum scoparium<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
var. scoparium common teatree<br />
Myrtaceae Melaleuca gibbosa slender honeymyrtle<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
63<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Oleaceae Notelaea ligustrina native olive<br />
Epilobium billardierianum<br />
Onagraceae<br />
subsp. cinereum . grey willowherb<br />
Epilobium billardierianum<br />
Onagraceae<br />
subsp. intermedium . marsh willowherb<br />
Onagraceae Epilobium sp. willowherb<br />
Oxalis corniculata subsp.<br />
Oxalidaceae<br />
corniculata yellow woodsorrel<br />
Oxalidaceae Oxalis magellanica snowdrop woodsorrel<br />
Oxalidaceae Oxalis perennans grassland woodsorrel<br />
Pittosporaceae Billardiera longiflora purple appleberry<br />
Billardiera longiflora var.<br />
Pittosporaceae alpina alpine purple apple-berry<br />
Bursaria spinosa subsp.<br />
Pittosporaceae spinosa prickly box<br />
Pittosporaceae Pittosporum bicolor cheesewood<br />
Pittosporum undulatum<br />
Pittosporaceae subsp. Xemmettii hybrid pittosporum<br />
Pittosporaceae Rhytidosporum procumbens<br />
Plantago coronopus subsp.<br />
starry appleberry<br />
Plantaginaceae coronopus slender buckshorn plantain i<br />
Plantaginaceae Plantago hispida hairy plantain<br />
Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata ribwort plantain i<br />
Plantaginaceae Plantago varia variable plantain<br />
Polygalaceae Comesperma retusum mountain milkwort<br />
Polygalaceae Comesperma volubile blue lovecreeper<br />
Polygonaceae Acetosella vulgaris sheep sorrel i<br />
Polygonaceae Rumex brownii slender dock<br />
Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton ochreatus blunt pondweed<br />
Primulaceae Samolus repens creeping brookweed<br />
Proteaceae Banksia marginata silver banksia<br />
Proteaceae Hakea lissosperma mountain needlebush<br />
Proteaceae Hakea microcarpa smallfruit needlebush<br />
Hakea teretifolia subsp.<br />
Proteaceae<br />
hirsuta dagger needlebush<br />
Proteaceae Lomatia tinctoria guitarplant<br />
Proteaceae Persoonia gunnii gunn's geebung<br />
Persoonia juniperina var<br />
Proteaceae<br />
juniperina prickly geebung<br />
Persoonia juniperina var.<br />
Proteaceae<br />
brevifolia shortleaf geebung<br />
Ranunculaceae Clematis aristata southern clematis<br />
Ranunculaceae Clematis gentianoides ground clematis<br />
Ranunculaceae Ranunculus amphitrichus river buttercup<br />
Ranunculaceae Ranunculus lappaceus woodland buttercup<br />
Ranunculaceae Ranunculus pascuinus<br />
Pomaderris apetala subsp.<br />
pressed-hair buttercup<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
apetala common dogwood<br />
Pomaderris elliptica var.<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
elliptica<br />
Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp.<br />
yellow dogwood<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
phylicifolia narrowleaf dogwood<br />
Rhamnaceae Pomaderris pilifera hairy dogwood<br />
Rhamnaceae Spyridium lawrencei small-leaf dustymiller<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
64<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Spyridium obovatum var.<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
obovatum smooth dustymiller<br />
Spyridium obovatum var.<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
velutinum velvet dustymiller<br />
Spyridium parvifolium var.<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
parvifolium coast dustymiller<br />
Rhamnaceae Spyridium ulicinum scented dustymiller<br />
Rosaceae Acaena echinata sheepsburr<br />
Rosaceae Acaena novae-zelandiae common buzzy<br />
Rosaceae Aphanes arvensis parsley piert i<br />
Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna hawthorn i<br />
Rosaceae Rosa canina dog rose i<br />
Rosaceae Rosa rubiginosa sweet briar i<br />
Rosaceae Rubus fruticosus blackberry i<br />
Rosaceae Rubus parvifolius native raspberry i<br />
Rubiaceae Asperula conferta common woodruff<br />
Rubiaceae Asperula subsimplex water woodruff<br />
Rubiaceae Coprosma hirtella c<strong>of</strong>feeberry<br />
Rubiaceae Coprosma nitida mountain currant<br />
Rubiaceae Coprosma quadrifida native currant<br />
Rubiaceae Galium australe tangled bedstraw<br />
Rubiaceae Galium ciliare hairy bedstraw<br />
Rubiaceae Galium gaudichaudii rough bedstraw<br />
Rubiaceae Opercularia ovata broadleaf stinkweed<br />
Rubiaceae Opercularia varia variable stinkweed<br />
Rutaceae Boronia anemonifolia stinking boronia<br />
Rutaceae Boronia nana dwarf boronia<br />
Rutaceae Boronia parviflora swamp boronia<br />
Rutaceae Boronia pilosa hairy boronia<br />
Rutaceae Correa reflexa var. reflexa<br />
Nematolepis squamea subsp.<br />
common correa<br />
Rutaceae<br />
retusa blunt satinwood<br />
Rutaceae Philotheca verrucosa fairy waxflower<br />
Zieria arborescens subsp.<br />
Rutaceae<br />
arborescens stinkwood<br />
Salicaceae Salix fragilis crack willow i<br />
Santalaceae Exocarpos cupressiformis common native-cherry<br />
Santalaceae Exocarpos strictus pearly native-cherry<br />
Santalaceae Leptomeria drupacea erect currantbush<br />
Sapindaceae Dodonaea filiformis fineleaf hopbush<br />
Dodonaea viscosa subsp.<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
spatulata broadleaf hopbush<br />
Euphrasia collina subsp.<br />
Scrophulariaceae collina tall eyebright<br />
Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia phragmostoma hairy cliff-eyebright<br />
Scrophulariaceae Gratiola peruviana southern brooklime<br />
Scrophulariaceae Mazus pumilio swamp mazus<br />
Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus great mullein i<br />
Scrophulariaceae Veronica calycina hairy speedwell<br />
Scrophulariaceae Veronica formosa common speedwell bush<br />
Scrophulariaceae Veronica gracilis slender speedwell<br />
Solanaceae Solanum laciniatum kangaroo apple<br />
Stackhousiaceae Stackhousia monogyna forest candles<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
65<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Stylidiaceae Stylidium graminifolium narrowleaf triggerplant<br />
Thymelaeaceae Pimelea cinerea grey riceflower<br />
Thymelaeaceae Pimelea drupacea cherry riceflower<br />
Thymelaeaceae Pimelea flava subsp. flava yellow riceflower<br />
Thymelaeaceae Pimelea humilis dwarf riceflower<br />
Pimelea linifolia subsp.<br />
Thymelaeaceae linifolia slender rice-flower<br />
Thymelaeaceae Pimelea nivea bushmans bootlace<br />
Tremandraceae Tetratheca labillardierei glandular pinkbells<br />
Tetratheca pilosa subsp.<br />
Tremandraceae pilosa hairy pinkbells<br />
Australina pusilla subsp.<br />
Urticaceae<br />
pusilla small shade nettle<br />
Urticaceae Urtica incisa scrub nettle<br />
Violaceae Hymenanthera dentata spiky violetbush<br />
Violaceae Melicytus dentatus spiky velvetbush<br />
Viola betonicifolia subsp.<br />
Violaceae<br />
betonicifolia showy violet<br />
Violaceae Viola cleistogamoides shy violet<br />
Viola hederacea subsp.<br />
Violaceae<br />
hederacea ivyleaf violet<br />
Winteraceae Tasmannia lanceolata mountain pepper<br />
MONOCOTYLEDONS<br />
Cyperaceae Baumea arthrophylla fine twigsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Baumea rubiginosa s<strong>of</strong>t twigsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Baumea tetragona square twigsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Carex appressa tall sedge<br />
Cyperaceae Carex breviculmis shortstem sedge<br />
Cyperaceae Carex fascicularis tassel sedge<br />
Cyperaceae Carex inversa knob sedge<br />
Cyperaceae Carex iynx tussock sedge<br />
Cyperaceae Carex polyantha river sedge<br />
Cyperaceae Carex tereticaulis hollow sedge<br />
Cyperaceae Cyperus sanguinolentus dark flatsedge i<br />
Cyperaceae Eleocharis acuta common spikesedge<br />
Cyperaceae Eleocharis gracilis slender spikesedge<br />
Cyperaceae Eleocharis sphacelata tall spikesedge<br />
Cyperaceae Gahnia filum chaffy sawsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Gahnia grandis cutting grass<br />
Cyperaceae Gahnia radula thatch sawsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Gahnia rodwayi dwarf sawsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Gahnia sieberiana redfruit sawsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Isolepis cernua nodding clubsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Isolepis fluitans floating clubsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Isolepis hookeriana grassy clubsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Isolepis inundata swamp clubsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Isolepis nodosa knobby clubsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Isolepis producta nutty clubsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Isolepis subtilissima dwarf clubsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Isolepis wakefieldiana tufted clubsedge<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
66<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Cyperaceae Lepidosperma concavum sand swordsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Lepidosperma elatius tall swordsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Lepidosperma ensiforme arching swordsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Lepidosperma filiforme common rapiersedge<br />
Cyperaceae Lepidosperma globosum stiff swordsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Lepidosperma gunnii narrow swordsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Lepidosperma inops fan sedge<br />
Cyperaceae Lepidosperma laterale variable swordsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Lepidosperma longitudinale pithy swordsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Lepidosperma oldfieldii dark sawsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Schoenus apogon<br />
Schoenuslepidosperma<br />
common bogsedge<br />
Cyperaceae<br />
subsp. lepidosperma slender bogsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Schoenus nitens shiny bogsedge<br />
Cyperaceae Tetraria capillaris hair sedge<br />
Cyperaceae Uncinia tenella delicate hooksedge<br />
Iridaceae Diplarrena moraea white flag-iris<br />
Iridaceae Patersonia fragilis short purple flag<br />
Juncaceae Juncus amabilis gentle rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus articulatus jointed rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus astreptus rigid rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus australis southern rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus bassianus forest rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus caespiticius grassy rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus capitatus capitate rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus curtisiae short jointleaf rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus filicaulis thread rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus gregiflorus green rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus holoschoenus jointleaf rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus kraussii sea rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus pallidus pale rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus pauciflorus looseflower rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus planifolius broadleaf rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus prismatocarpus branching rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus procerus tall rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus sarophorus broom rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus squarrosus heath rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus subsecundus finger rush<br />
Juncaceae Juncus vaginatus clustered rush<br />
Juncaceae Luzula flaccida pale woodrush<br />
Juncaceae Luzula multiflora flowery woodrush i<br />
Liliaceae Arthropodium milleflorum pale vanilla-lily<br />
Liliaceae Bulbine glauca bluish bulbinelily<br />
Liliaceae Burchardia umbellata<br />
Chamaescilla corymbosa var.<br />
milkmaids<br />
Liliaceae<br />
corymbosa blue stars<br />
Liliaceae Dianella revoluta var. revoluta spreading flaxliliy<br />
Liliaceae Dianella tasmanica forest flaxlily<br />
Liliaceae Drymophila cyanocarpa turquoise berry<br />
Hypoxis hygrometrica var.<br />
Liliaceae<br />
hygrometrica golden weatherglass<br />
Liliaceae Laxmannia orientalis dwarf wire-lily<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
67<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Liliaceae Thysanotus patersonii twining fringelily<br />
Liliaceae Wurmbea uniflora oneflower early nancy<br />
Orchidaceae Acianthus caudatus mayfly orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Acianthus pusillus small mosquito-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Caladenia alata fairy fingers<br />
Orchidaceae Caladenia atrata dark finger-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Caladenia carnea pink fingers<br />
Orchidaceae Caladenia deformis blue fairies<br />
Orchidaceae Caladenia fuscata dusky fingers<br />
Orchidaceae Caladenia gracilis musky caladenia<br />
Orchidaceae Caladenia vulgaris summer fingers<br />
Orchidaceae Caleana major flying duck-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Calochilus herbaceus pale beard-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Chiloglottis cornuta green bird-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Chiloglottis grammata small bird-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Chiloglottis gunnii tall bird-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Chiloglottis reflexa autumn bird-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Chiloglottis sp. <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> bird-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Corunastylis morrisii bearded midge-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Corunastylis nuda tiny midge-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Corunastylis tasmanica tasmanian midge-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Corybas diemenicus stately helmet-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Corybas incurvus slaty helmet-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Corybas unguiculatus small helmet orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Cryptostylis subulata large tongue-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Cyrtostylis reniformis small gnat-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Dipodium roseum rosy hyacinth-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Diuris pardina leopard orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Diuris sulphurea tiger orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Eriochilus cucullatus autumn orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Gastrodia sesamoides short potato-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Glossodia major waxlip orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Lyperanthus suaveolens brown beaks<br />
Orchidaceae Microtis arenaria notched onion-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Microtis parviflora slender onion-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Microtis unifolia common onion-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Prasophyllum australe austral leek-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Prasophyllum brevilabre shortlip leek-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Prasophyllum elatum tall leek-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Prasophyllum flavum yellow leek-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Prasophyllum truncatum truncate leek-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis alata striped greenhood<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis aphylla leafless greenhood<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis atrans darktip greenhood<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis atriola snug greenhood<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis decurva summer greenhood<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis grammata small bird-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis nutans nodding greenhood<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis parviflora tiny greenhood<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis pedoglossa prawn greenhood<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis pedunculata maroonhood<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
68<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis triceratops three-horned bird-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Pterostylis williamsonii brownlip greenhood<br />
Orchidaceae Sarcochilus australis gunns tree-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Thelymitra ixioides spotted sun orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Thelymitra pauciflora slender sun-orchid<br />
Orchidaceae Thelymitra rubra pink sun-orchid<br />
Poaceae Agrostis capillaris browntop bentgrass i<br />
Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass i<br />
Poaceae Agrostis venusta graceful bent<br />
Poaceae Aira caryophyllea silvery hairgrass i<br />
Poaceae Ammophila arenaria marram grass i<br />
Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernalgrass<br />
Poaceae Austrodanthonia caespitosa common wallabygrass<br />
Poaceae Austrodanthonia dimidiata half-formed wallaby-grass<br />
Poaceae Austrodanthonia gracilis slender wallaby-grass<br />
Poaceae Austrodanthonia laevis wallabygrass<br />
Poaceae Austrodanthonia penicillata slender wallabygrass<br />
Poaceae Austrodanthonia pilosa velvet wallabygrass<br />
Poaceae Austrodanthonia racemosa wallabygrass<br />
Poaceae Austrodanthonia setacea bristly wallabygrass<br />
Poaceae Austr<strong>of</strong>estuca hookeriana swamp fescue<br />
Poaceae Austr<strong>of</strong>estuca littoralis coast fescue<br />
Poaceae Austrostipa aphylla tall spear-grass<br />
Poaceae Austrostipa mollis s<strong>of</strong>t spear-grass<br />
Poaceae Austrostipa nodosa knotty speargrass<br />
Poaceae Austrostipa pubinodis tall spear-grass<br />
Austrostipa rudis subsp.<br />
Poaceae<br />
australis austral spear-grass<br />
Poaceae Austrostipa semibarbata barbed spear-grass<br />
Poaceae Austrostipa stipoides coastal spear-grass<br />
Poaceae Austrostipa stuposa corkscrew grass<br />
Poaceae Briza minor lesser quaking-grass i<br />
Poaceae Cynosurus echinatus rough dogstail i<br />
Poaceae Dactylis glomerata cocksfoot i<br />
Poaceae Deyeuxia apsleyensis apsley bentgrass<br />
Poaceae Deyeuxia benthamiana benthams bentgrass<br />
Poaceae Deyeuxia contracta compact bentgrass<br />
Poaceae Deyeuxia densa heath bentgrass<br />
Poaceae Deyeuxia frigida forest bentgrass<br />
Poaceae Deyeuxia monticola mountain bentgrass<br />
Poaceae Deyeuxia quadriseta reed bentgrass<br />
Poaceae Deyeuxia rodwayi tasman bentgrass<br />
Poaceae Dichelachne crinita longhair plumegrass<br />
Poaceae Dichelachne rara scarce plume-grass<br />
Poaceae Distichlis distichophylla australian saltgrass<br />
Poaceae Echinopogon ovatus hedgehog grass<br />
Poaceae Ehrharta distichophylla hairy ricegrass<br />
Poaceae Ehrharta stipoides weeping grass<br />
Poaceae Elymus scaber rough wheatgrass<br />
Poaceae Festuca arundinacea tall fescue i<br />
Poaceae Hemarthria uncinata hooked matgrass<br />
Poaceae Holcus lanatus yorkshire fog i<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
69<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Poaceae Holcus mollis creeping fog i<br />
Poaceae Lachnagrostis aemula tumbling blowngrass i<br />
Poaceae Lachnagrostis billardierei coast blown grass<br />
Poaceae Lachnagrostis filiformis common blown grass<br />
Poaceae Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass<br />
Poaceae Notodanthonia semiannularis marsh wallabygrass<br />
Poaceae Paspalum dilatatum paspalum i<br />
Poaceae Pentapogon quadrifidus five-awned spear-grass<br />
Poaceae Phragmites australis southern reed<br />
Poaceae Poa labillardierei var. acris bluish silver tussockgrass<br />
Poa labillardierei var.<br />
Poaceae<br />
labillardierei silver tussockgrass<br />
Poaceae Poa poiformis blue tussock grass<br />
Poaceae Poa rodwayi velvet tussockgrass<br />
Poaceae Poa sieberiana grey tussockgrass<br />
Poaceae Poa tenera scrambling tussockgrass<br />
Poaceae Puccinellia stricta saltmarsh grass<br />
Poaceae Themeda triandra kangaroo grass<br />
Poaceae Vulpia sp. vetch i<br />
Restionaceae Hypolaena fastigiata tassel roperush<br />
Restionaceae Leptocarpus brownii coarse twine-rush<br />
Restionaceae Leptocarpus tenax slender twinerush<br />
mountain or austral cord-<br />
Restionaceae Restio australis<br />
rush<br />
Typhaceae Typha domingensis slender cumbungi<br />
Typhaceae Typha orientalis broadleaf cumbungi<br />
Xanthorrhoeaceae Lomandra longifolia sagg<br />
Xanthorrhoeaceae Lomandra nana dwarf mat-rush<br />
Xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea australis southern grasstree<br />
Xyridaceae Xyris marginata alpine yelloweye<br />
GYMNOSPERMS<br />
Cupressaceae Callitris rhomboidea oyster bay pine<br />
Pinaceae Pinus radiata radiata pine i<br />
Podocarpaceae Phyllocladus aspleniifolius celerytop pine<br />
PTERIDOPHYTE<br />
Adiantaceae Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia rock fern<br />
Adiantaceae Adiantum aethiopicum common maidenhair<br />
Adiantaceae Pellaea falcata<br />
Asplenium bulbiferum subsp.<br />
sickle fern<br />
Aspleniaceae<br />
gracillimum Mother spleenwort<br />
Aspleniaceae Asplenium flabellifolium necklace fern<br />
Asplenium appendiculatum<br />
Aspleniaceae<br />
subsp. appendiculatum narrow spleenwort<br />
Blechnaceae Blechnum chambersii lance waterfern<br />
Blechnaceae Blechnum minus s<strong>of</strong>t waterfern<br />
Blechnaceae Blechnum nudum fishbone waterfern<br />
Blechnaceae Blechnum patersonii subsp. strap waterfern<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
70<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
FAMILY NAME COMMON NAME INTRODUCED<br />
Blechnaceae<br />
patersonii<br />
Blechnum wattsii hard waterfern<br />
Blechnaceae Doodia media common rasp-fern<br />
Cyathea australis subsp.<br />
Cyatheaceae<br />
australis rough treefern<br />
Dennstaedtiaceae Histiopteris incisa batswing fern<br />
Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium esculentum bracken<br />
Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepis rugosula ruddy groundfern<br />
Dicksoniaceae Dicksonia antarctica s<strong>of</strong>t treefern<br />
Dryopteridaceae Polystichum proliferum mother shield-fern<br />
Dryopteridaceae Rumohra adiantiformis leathery shield-fern<br />
Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia microphylla scrambling coralfern<br />
Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia dicarpa pouched coralfern<br />
Grammitidaceae Grammitis billardierei common fingerfern<br />
Grammitidaceae Ctenopteris heterophylla gypsy fern<br />
Grammitis magellanica beech fingerfern<br />
Grammitidaceae subsp. noth<strong>of</strong>ageti<br />
Hymenophyllum<br />
Hymenophyllaceae cupressiforme common filmyfern<br />
Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum rarum narrow filmyfern<br />
Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum australe southern filmyfern<br />
Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum flabellatum shiny filmyfern<br />
Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum peltatum alpine filmyfern<br />
Hymenophyllaceae Crepidomanes venosum bristle filmyfern<br />
Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea linearis screw fern<br />
Lycopodiaceae Huperzia varia long clubmoss<br />
Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum lusitanicum adders’ tongue<br />
Microsorum pustulatum<br />
Polypodiaceae subsp. pustulatum kangaroo fern<br />
Psilotaceae Tmesipteris obliqua common forkfern<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
Appendix 4: Fauna Species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong><br />
71<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
GROUP NAME Common Name or Family<br />
Ant Amblypone australis ant<br />
Ant Iridomyrmex spp ant<br />
Ant Myrmecia esuriens bull ant<br />
Ant Myrmecia forficata bull ant<br />
Ant Myrmecia pilosula jackjumper<br />
Beetle Adelium abbreviatum Tenebrionidae<br />
Beetle Adelium licinoides<br />
Beetle Adoryphorus couloni redheaded pasture cockchafer<br />
Beetle Atoichus bicolor<br />
Beetle Brycopia picta Tenebrionidae<br />
Beetle Chylnus ater Carabidae<br />
Beetle Coccinella undecimpunctata elevensotted ladybird<br />
Beetle Comanthus (cenolia) trichoptera<br />
Beetle Coripera deplanata Tenebrionidae<br />
Beetle Coripera deplanata<br />
Beetle Creophilus erythrocephalus devil's coach-horse<br />
Beetle Decilaus striatus Curculionidae<br />
Beetle Deuterocaulobius villosus<br />
Beetle Diemenoma commoda Tenebrionidae<br />
Beetle Diemenoma tasmanica Tenebrionidae<br />
Beetle Dilophus sp.<br />
Beetle Dryophthorus sp. Curculionidae<br />
Beetle Ganyme sapphira Ulodidae<br />
Beetle Heteronyx sp. D Scarabaeidae<br />
Beetle Homothes guttifer<br />
Beetle Homotrysis luctuosa Tenebrionidae<br />
Beetle Hymaea succinifera<br />
Beetle Isopteron triviale Tenebrionidae<br />
Beetle Lepispilus sulcicollis<br />
Beetle Licinoma commoda<br />
Beetle Lingora aurata<br />
Beetle Liparetrus atratus<br />
Beetle Lissotes cancroides Lucanidae<br />
Beetle Lissotes curvicornis Lucanidae<br />
Beetle Lissotes latidens broad-toothed stag beetle<br />
Beetle Lissotes obtusatus Lucanidae<br />
Beetle Lissotes obtusatus<br />
Beetle Lissotes sp. nova<br />
Beetle Mecyclothorax ambiguus<br />
Beetle Merimnetes simplicipennis Curculionidae<br />
Beetle Microchaetes scoparius<br />
Beetle Notonomus politulus Carabidae<br />
Beetle Notonomus tubericauda<br />
Beetle Onthophagus fuliginosus a dung beetle<br />
Beetle Onthophagus pronus a dung beetle<br />
Beetle Ooperipatellus insignis tax. C<br />
Beetle Pasma tasmanica<br />
Beetle Percosoma carenoides Carabidae<br />
Beetle Poropterus sp. Curculionidae<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
72<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
GROUP NAME Common Name or Family<br />
Beetle Promecoderus brunnicornis Carabidae<br />
Beetle Promecoderus curvipes<br />
Beetle Promethis angulata<br />
Beetle Prosopogmus punctifer<br />
Beetle Prostomis atkinsoni Prostomidae<br />
Beetle Rhabdotus floridus<br />
Beetle Rhabdotus reflexus Carabidae<br />
Beetle Scopodes aterrimus<br />
Beetle Scopodes sigillatus<br />
Beetle Sericesthis nigrolineata Scarabaeidae<br />
Beetle Sessinia sublineata<br />
Beetle Simodontus australis Carabidae<br />
Beetle Sloaneana tasmaniae<br />
Beetle Syndesus cornutus Lucanidae<br />
Beetle Telura vitticollis Scarabaeidae<br />
Beetle Thalycrodes australe<br />
Beetle Trechimorphus diemenensis Carabidae<br />
Beetle Uniophora granifera<br />
Butterfly Argynnina hobartia Tasmanian brown or Hobart brown<br />
Butterfly Pseudalmenus chlorinda tax.<br />
myrsilus<br />
tasmanian hairstreak(butterfly)<br />
Scorpion Cercophonius squama scorpion<br />
Millipede Lissodesmus sp millipede<br />
Millipede Tasmanodesmus millipede<br />
Mollusc Caryodes dufresnii snail<br />
Mollusc Helicarion cuvieri snail<br />
Amphibian Crinia signifera brown froglet<br />
Amphibian Crinia tasmaniensis tasmanian froglet<br />
Amphibian Limnodynastes dumerili subsp. banjo frog<br />
insularis<br />
Amphibian Limnodynastes tasmaniensis spotted grass frog or spotted marsh frog<br />
Amphibian Litoria ewingi brown tree frog<br />
Amphibian Pseudophryne semimarmorata southern toadlet<br />
Bird Acanthiza chrysorrhoa yellow-rumped thornbill<br />
Bird Acanthiza ewingii tasmanian thornbill<br />
Bird Acanthiza pusilla subsp. diemenensis brown thornbill<br />
Bird Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris eastern spinebill<br />
Bird Acanthornis magna scrubtit<br />
Bird Accipiter fasciatus subsp. fasciatus brown goshawk<br />
Bird Alauda arvensis eurasian skylark<br />
Bird Anas castanea chestnut teal<br />
Bird Anas platyrhynchos northern mallard<br />
Bird Anas superciliosa subsp. superciliosa pacific black duck<br />
Bird Anthochaera chrysoptera subsp. little wattlebird<br />
tasmanica<br />
Bird Anthochaera paradoxa yellow wattlebird<br />
Bird Anthus novaeseelandiae richards pipit<br />
Bird Aquila audax subsp. fleayi wedge-tailed eagle<br />
Bird Ardea novaehollandiae white-faced heron<br />
Bird Ardeola ibis cattle egret<br />
Bird Artamus cyanopterus subsp.<br />
cyanopterus<br />
dusky woodswallow<br />
Bird Biziura lobata musk duck<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
73<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
GROUP NAME Common Name or Family<br />
Bird Cacomantis flabelliformis subsp.<br />
prionurus<br />
fan-tailed cuckoo<br />
Bird Cacomantis pallidus pallid cuckoo<br />
Bird Calyptorhynchus funereus subsp.<br />
xanthanotus<br />
yellow-tailed black cockatoo<br />
Bird Carduelis carduelis european goldfinch<br />
Bird Carduelis chloris common greenfinch<br />
Bird Chalcites basalis horsfields bronze-cuckoo<br />
Bird Charadrius ruficapillus red-capped plover<br />
Bird Chrysococcyx lucidus subsp.<br />
plagosus<br />
shining bronze-cuckoo<br />
Bird Cinclosoma punctatum subsp. dovei spotted quail-thrush<br />
Bird Circus approximans subsp. gouldi swamp harrier<br />
Bird Colluricincla harmonica subsp.<br />
harmonica<br />
grey shrike-thrush<br />
Bird Columba livia rock dove<br />
Bird Coracina novaehollandiae black-faced cuckoo-shrike<br />
Bird Corvus tasmanicus subsp.<br />
tasmanicus<br />
forest raven<br />
Bird Coturnix ypsilophora subsp.<br />
brown quail or swamp quail (ssp. <strong>of</strong> brown<br />
ypsilophorus<br />
quail)<br />
Bird Cracticus torquatus subsp. cinereus grey butcherbird<br />
Bird Cygnus atratus black swan<br />
Bird Dacelo novaeguineae subsp.<br />
novaeguineae<br />
laughing kookaburra<br />
Bird Dryolimnas pectoralis subsp.<br />
brachipus<br />
lewin's rail<br />
Bird Emblema bella beautiful firetail<br />
Bird Epthianura albifrons white-fronted chat<br />
Bird Eudyptula minor little penguin<br />
Bird Falco berigora subsp. tasmanica brown falcon or brown falcon (tasmanian)<br />
Bird Falco peregrinus subsp. macropus peregrine falcon<br />
Bird Fulica atra subsp. australis eurasian coot<br />
Bird Gallinago hardwickii lathams snipe<br />
Bird Gallinula mortierii tasmanian native hen<br />
Bird Glossopsitta concinna musk lorikeet<br />
Bird Grallina cyanoleuca magpie-lark<br />
Bird Gymnorhina tibicen subsp. hypoleuca australian magpie or australian magpie<br />
(white-backed ssp.)<br />
Bird Haematopus longirostris subsp.<br />
longirostris<br />
pied oystercatcher<br />
Bird Haliaeetus leucogaster white-bellied sea-eagle<br />
Bird Hirundapus caudacutus white-throated needletail<br />
Bird Hirundo neoxena welcome swallow<br />
Bird Hirundo nigricans subsp. nigricans tree martin<br />
Bird Larus novaehollandiae subsp.<br />
novaehollandiae<br />
silver gull<br />
Bird Larus pacificus subsp. pacificus pacific gull<br />
Bird Lathamus discolor swift parrot<br />
Bird Lichenostomus chrysops yellow-faced honeyeater<br />
Bird Lichenostomus flavicollis yellow-throated honeyeater<br />
Bird Lophortyx californicus california quail<br />
Bird Malurus cyaneus subsp. cyaneus blue wren or superb fairy wren<br />
Bird Manorina melanocephala subsp.<br />
melanocephala<br />
noisy miner<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
74<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
GROUP NAME Common Name or Family<br />
Bird Melanodryas vittata dusky robin<br />
Bird Melithreptus affinis black-headed honeyeater<br />
Bird Melithreptus validirostris strong-billed honeyeater<br />
Bird Myiagra cyanoleuca satin flycatcher<br />
Bird Neophema chrysostoma blue-winged parrot<br />
Bird Ninox novaeseelandiae subsp. southern boobook (tasmanian) or<br />
leucopsis<br />
southern boobook<br />
Bird Numenius madagascariensis eastern curlew<br />
Bird Pachycephala olivacea olive whistler<br />
Bird Pachycephala pectoralis golden whistler<br />
Bird Pardalotus punctatus spotted pardalote<br />
Bird Pardalotus striatus subsp. striatus striated pardalote<br />
Bird Passer domesticus house sparrow<br />
Bird Petroica multicolor subsp. boodang scarlet robin<br />
Bird Petroica phoenicea flame robin<br />
Bird Petroica rodinogaster pink robin<br />
Bird Phalacrocorax carbo subsp.<br />
novaehollandiae<br />
great cormorant<br />
Bird Phalacrocorax melanoleucos subsp. little pied cormorant<br />
melanoleucos<br />
Bird Phalacrocorax sulcirostris little black cormorant<br />
Bird Phaps chalcoptera common bronzewing<br />
Bird Phaps elegans brush bronzewing<br />
Bird Phylidonyris novaehollandiae subsp.<br />
canescens<br />
new holland honeyeater (tas.)<br />
Bird Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera subsp.<br />
inornata<br />
crescent honeyeater (tas)<br />
Bird Platycercus caledonicus green rosella<br />
Bird Platycercus eximius subsp.<br />
eastern rosella<br />
diemenensis<br />
Bird Podargus strigoides subsp. strigoides tawny frogmouth<br />
Bird Poliocephalus poliocephalus hoary-headed grebe<br />
Bird Rhipidura fuliginosa grey fantail<br />
Bird Rhipidura fuliginosa subsp. albiscapa grey fantail<br />
Bird Sericornis humilis tasmanian scrubwren<br />
Bird Sterna albifrons subsp. sinensis little tern<br />
Bird Sterna nereis subsp. nereis fairy tern<br />
Bird Strepera fuliginosa black currawong<br />
Bird Strepera versicolor subsp. arguta grey currawong (clinking)<br />
Bird Sturnus vulgaris common starling<br />
Bird Thinornis rubricollis hooded plover<br />
Bird Turdus merula common blackbird<br />
Bird Tyto novaehollandiae masked owl<br />
Bird Vanellus miles subsp.<br />
masked lapwing<br />
novaehollandiae<br />
Bird Zoothera lunulata bassian thrush<br />
Bird Zosterops lateralis subsp. lateralis silvereye<br />
Fish Anguilla australis southern short-finned eel<br />
Fish Galaxias maculatus jollytail<br />
Fish Galaxias truttaceus trout galaxias<br />
Fish Salmo trutta brown trout<br />
Fish Tasmanogobius sp.<br />
Mammal Antechinus swainsonii subsp.<br />
swainsonii<br />
dusky antechinus<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>
75<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong> <strong>Forest</strong><br />
GROUP NAME Common Name or Family<br />
Mammal Bettongia gaimardi tasmanian bettong<br />
Mammal Sminthopsis leucopus white-footed dunnart<br />
Mammal Capra hircus goat<br />
Mammal Cercartetus lepidus little pygmy-possum<br />
Mammal Dasyurus maculatus subsp.<br />
spotted-tailed quoll<br />
maculatus<br />
Mammal Dasyurus viverrinus eastern quoll<br />
Mammal Felis catus cat<br />
Mammal Isoodon obesulus subsp. affinis southern brown bandicoot<br />
Mammal Lepus capensis brown hare<br />
Mammal Macropus rufogriseus subsp.<br />
rufogriseus<br />
red-necked wallaby<br />
Mammal Oryctolagus cuniculus subsp. rabbit<br />
cuniculus<br />
Mammal Perameles gunnii eastern barred bandicoot<br />
Mammal Petaurus breviceps subsp. breviceps sugar glider<br />
Mammal Potorous tridactylus subsp. apicalis long-nosed potoroo<br />
Mammal Pseudocheirus peregrinus subsp.<br />
viverrinus<br />
common ringtail possum<br />
Mammal Rattus lutreolus swamp rat<br />
Mammal Sarcophilus harrisii tasmanian devil<br />
Mammal Tachyglossus aculeatus subsp.<br />
setosus<br />
short-beaked echidna<br />
Mammal Thylacinus cynocephalus Thylacine (historical record)<br />
Mammal Thylogale billardierii tasmanian pademelon<br />
Mammal Trichosurus vulpecula subsp.<br />
fuliginosus<br />
common brushtail possum<br />
Mammal Vombatus ursinus subsp.<br />
wombat<br />
Tasmaniensis<br />
Mammal Falsis trellis tasmaniensis Tasmanian pipistrelle<br />
Mammal Eptesicus vultunus Little <strong>Forest</strong> Eptesicus<br />
Mammal Eptesicu sagitulla Large <strong>Forest</strong> Eptesicus<br />
Reptile Austrelaps superbus lowland copperhead<br />
Reptile Egernia whitei Whites skink<br />
Reptile Niveoscincus metallicus metallic skink<br />
Reptile Niveoscincus ocellatus ocellated skink<br />
Reptile Niveoscincus pretiosus Tasmanian tree skink<br />
Reptile Notechis scutatus Eastern Tiger Snake<br />
Reptile Tiliqua nigrolutea blotched bluetongue<br />
<strong>Wild</strong> <strong>Wielangta</strong>