Comaum NFRs - ForestrySA
Comaum NFRs - ForestrySA
Comaum NFRs - ForestrySA
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Final Plan – August 2001<br />
Document Code: NFR003<br />
SOUTH EAST REGION<br />
THE COMAUM NATIVE FOREST RESERVES<br />
WOMBAT FLAT NATIVE FOREST RESERVE<br />
COMAUM NATIVE FOREST RESERVE<br />
BOOLARA NATIVE FOREST RESERVE<br />
FINAL MANAGEMENT PLAN<br />
Issued: 17/12/2007<br />
Next Review: 01/11/2012
CONTENTS<br />
FOREWORD<br />
1. PURPOSE, LEGAL DESIGNATION, PLANNING AND PROTECTION<br />
1.1 The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves<br />
1.1.1 Statement of Purpose<br />
1.1.2 Significant Values<br />
1.1.3 Location and access<br />
1.1.4 Administration<br />
1.2 Land Tenure<br />
1.3 Planning<br />
1.4 Native Forest Management, Policy and Philosophy<br />
1.5 Legislative Protection of Flora and Fauna<br />
1.5.1 Forestry Act 1950<br />
1.5.2 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972<br />
1.5.3 Native Vegetation Act 1991<br />
2. NATURAL RESOURCES<br />
2.1 Climate<br />
2.2 Physical Environment<br />
2.2.1 Regional Geology and Soil Parent Material<br />
2.2.2 Local Geology<br />
2.2.3 Soils<br />
2.2.4 Hydrology<br />
2.3 Petroleum and Mining Resources<br />
2.3.1 Petroleum and Mining Acts.<br />
2.4 Biological Environment<br />
2.4.1 Vegetation<br />
2.4.2 Fauna<br />
3. LAND USE<br />
3.1 History<br />
3.1.1 Acquisition and Name<br />
3.2 Historical Impacts<br />
3.2.1 Grazing<br />
3.2.2 Timber Production<br />
3.2.3 Wildfire<br />
3.2.4 Prescribed Burning<br />
3.2.5 Other Impacts<br />
3.2.6 Exotic plants and animals<br />
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
3
3.3 Current Uses<br />
3.3.1 Conservation<br />
3.3.2 Community Use<br />
3.4 Adjacent Land Use<br />
4. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES<br />
4.1 Native Forest Management Philosophies<br />
4.2 Long-term Management Objectives For Native Forest Reserves<br />
4.2.1 Conservation Management<br />
4.2.2 Community Use<br />
4.2.3 Protection<br />
4.2.4 Rehabilitation<br />
5. FIVE YEAR MANAGEMENT PROGRAM<br />
5.1 Conservation Management<br />
5.2 Community Use<br />
5.3 Protection<br />
6. NATURAL RESOURCE DATA<br />
7. APPENDICES<br />
REFERENCES<br />
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<br />
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
4
1. Purpose, Legal Designation, Planning and Protection<br />
1.1 The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves<br />
1.1.1 Statement of Purpose<br />
5<br />
The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves will be managed and protected to maintain and<br />
enhance their bio-diversity as an enduring and dynamic ecosystem.<br />
1.1.2 Significant Values<br />
The Biodiversity Plan for the South East of South Australia acknowledges that<br />
<strong>ForestrySA</strong> manages the largest area of remnant native vegetation in the Lower<br />
South East containing populations of plant and animal species, and plant<br />
communities of high conservation significance at the State and Regional level. The<br />
<strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves contain five of these remnants contributing to this<br />
Region’s bio-diversity.<br />
The following criteria have been used to determine the conservation and cultural<br />
values of The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves:<br />
Conservation Values<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The three Native Forest Reserves included in this management plan are Wombat<br />
Flat, <strong>Comaum</strong> and Boolara. Their areas range from 84 to 157 hectares. Their<br />
total area is 392.1 hectares adding significantly to the conservation of bio-diversity<br />
in the <strong>Comaum</strong> district.<br />
Wombat Flat Native Forest Reserve (151 hectares) is linked to Deadmans Swamp<br />
NFR (550 hectares) by the Glenroy Conservation Park (541 hectares). These<br />
Reserves together with local government and privately owned native vegetation<br />
which adjoin Wombat Flat NFR provide an aggregated area of about 1500<br />
hectares managed for conservation.<br />
Their physical environment is similar consisting of aeolian sand dunes and flats<br />
with some minor occurrences of exposed calcarenite dune crests and associated<br />
terra rossa soils. The low lying sand flats are subject to water logging during<br />
winter and spring in years of normal rainfall.<br />
Soil type, depth and moisture regime influence the biological environment which is<br />
dominated by one or more of the six eucalypt species growing in these Reserves<br />
viz. Eucalyptus baxteri, E.camaldulensis, E.fasciculosa, E.leucoxylon, E.ovata<br />
and E. viminalis ssp. cygnetensis.<br />
A total of 252 native plant species have been recorded for these Reserves to date.<br />
Of these 53 have a conservation status of Uncommon or higher rating for the<br />
South East Region of South Australia.<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
6<br />
These Reserves provide suitable habitat for native animals including the Common<br />
Wombat, Eastern Grey Kangaroo and Sugar Glider rated as Rare.<br />
The Endangered Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo feeds on Brown Stringy-bark fruit in<br />
these Reserves.<br />
The presence of ten native mammal species recorded to date indicates that these<br />
Reserves have a healthy and diverse habitat of sufficient area to maintain viable<br />
populations of these species.<br />
Cultural Values<br />
Flint flakes exposed on the slopes near a former swamp in the Wombat Flat NFR<br />
indicate previous occupation of these areas by Aboriginal people.<br />
1.1.3 Location and Access<br />
Location<br />
The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves include three individual Reserves containing a<br />
total of 392.1 hectares located about 20 kilometres north of Penola (Figures 1and 2.1<br />
– 2.3). The Reserves are shown as natural vegetation, but not named, on the SA<br />
Department for Environment and Heritage 1:50,000 Topographic Maps “Struan”<br />
7023-1 and “Penola” 7023-2 (See Table 1 for cadastral locations).<br />
The Reserves are sub-divided into compartments by fire-breaks and access tracks<br />
for management purposes (Figure 3.1 – 3.3).<br />
Table 1. Cadastral locations – Hundred of <strong>Comaum</strong><br />
Reserve Area (ha.) Section District Council<br />
Wombat Flat 151.1 Pt Secs 273, 316,317,318 Wattle Range<br />
<strong>Comaum</strong> 157.0 Pt Secs 247,248 Wattle Range<br />
Boolara 84.0 Pt Secs 243,245 Wattle Range<br />
TOTAL 392.1<br />
Foot Access<br />
Foot access to all areas is unrestricted during daylight hours except on days when a<br />
Total Fire Ban is imposed or where erected signs or notices restrict access to specific<br />
areas.<br />
Vehicle Access<br />
Access to individual areas within The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves is by<br />
improved and unimproved public roads, forest tracks and firebreaks. Vehicle access<br />
to and through the area may be restricted by seasonal wet soil or dry loose sand in<br />
parts.<br />
Vehicular access by the public may be restricted by provision of the Regulations<br />
under the Forestry Act, 1950.<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
6<br />
These Reserves provide suitable habitat for native animals including the Common<br />
Wombat, Eastern Grey Kangaroo and Sugar Glider rated as Rare.<br />
The Endangered Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo feeds on Brown Stringy-bark fruit in<br />
these Reserves.<br />
The presence of ten native mammal species recorded to date indicates that these<br />
Reserves have a healthy and diverse habitat of sufficient area to maintain viable<br />
populations of these species.<br />
Cultural Values<br />
Flint flakes exposed on the slopes near a former swamp in the Wombat Flat NFR<br />
indicate previous occupation of these areas by Aboriginal people.<br />
1.1.3 Location and Access<br />
Location<br />
The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves include three individual Reserves containing a<br />
total of 392.1 hectares located about 20 kilometres north of Penola (Figures 1and 2.1<br />
– 2.3). The Reserves are shown as natural vegetation, but not named, on the SA<br />
Department for Environment and Heritage 1:50,000 Topographic Maps “Struan”<br />
7023-1 and “Penola” 7023-2 (See Table 1 for cadastral locations).<br />
The Reserves are sub-divided into compartments by fire-breaks and access tracks<br />
for management purposes (Figure 3.1 – 3.3).<br />
Table 1. Cadastral locations – Hundred of <strong>Comaum</strong><br />
Reserve Area (ha.) Section District Council<br />
Wombat Flat 151.1 Pt Secs 273, 316,317,318 Wattle Range<br />
<strong>Comaum</strong> 157.0 Pt Secs 247,248 Wattle Range<br />
Boolara 84.0 Pt Secs 243,245 Wattle Range<br />
TOTAL 392.1<br />
Foot Access<br />
Foot access to all areas is unrestricted during daylight hours except on days when a<br />
Total Fire Ban is imposed or where erected signs or notices restrict access to specific<br />
areas.<br />
Vehicle Access<br />
Access to individual areas within The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves is by<br />
improved and unimproved public roads, forest tracks and firebreaks. Vehicle access<br />
to and through the area may be restricted by seasonal wet soil or dry loose sand in<br />
parts.<br />
Vehicular access by the public may be restricted by provision of the Regulations<br />
under the Forestry Act, 1950.<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
1.1.4 Administration<br />
The Native Forest Reserves are managed by <strong>ForestrySA</strong>. The address is<br />
<strong>ForestrySA</strong>, Jubilee Highway East, Mount Gambier.<br />
All permits for access and approved activities are issued from this office.<br />
1.2 Land Tenure<br />
7<br />
The <strong>Comaum</strong> <strong>NFRs</strong> are gazetted as Native Forest Reserves under the Forestry Act<br />
1950.<br />
<strong>ForestrySA</strong> 1 , Department for Administration and Information Services, is responsible<br />
for the management of gazetted Forest Reserves which total 126,000 hectares in<br />
South Australia.<br />
Approximately 20,500 hectares of this land is native forest, woodland or enclosed<br />
wetland, located in the Southern Flinders Ranges (4,000 hectares), the Mount Lofty<br />
Ranges (4,400 hectares) and the Lower South East of South Australia (12,000<br />
hectares).<br />
1.3 Planning<br />
Land managed by <strong>ForestrySA</strong> is zoned to define areas that are to be managed for<br />
commercial forestry or for conservation.<br />
Specific Native Forest Management Plans are prepared for each of the larger areas<br />
designated for conservation due to their ecological importance. The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native<br />
Forest Reserves includes five of these areas.<br />
Community use of Forest Reserves is not restricted to specific areas but determined<br />
according to compatibility and impact on other land uses. Planning for community use<br />
covers both commercial plantation forest and native forest areas. Community use<br />
considerations specific to individual areas of native forest are included in the<br />
respective Native Forest Management Plans.<br />
Fire prevention considerations for areas of native forest are outlined in the Local<br />
Government "District Bush Fire Prevention Plan", a requirement of the Country Fires<br />
Act 1989. Further detail is provided in Section 5.3.1 Five Year Management<br />
Program.<br />
1.4 Native Forest Management, Policy and Philosophy<br />
<strong>ForestrySA</strong> manages some of the few remnant areas of native forest and woodland<br />
predominantly in the higher rainfall areas of South Australia, together with their<br />
associated fauna. These areas contribute significantly to the natural assets of the<br />
State and have been managed as Forest Reserves under the Forestry Act for 50 or<br />
more years by <strong>ForestrySA</strong>, formerly the Woods and Forests Department, which was<br />
established in 1882.<br />
1 <strong>ForestrySA</strong> formerly known as Primary Industries Forestry and the Woods and Forests Department<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
<strong>ForestrySA</strong>'s primary management objective for areas of native forest under its<br />
management control is to conserve and enhance the native flora and fauna and<br />
preserve bio-diversity, for the long-term benefit of the South Australian community.<br />
8<br />
The native vegetation managed by <strong>ForestrySA</strong> occurs mainly as isolated fragments.<br />
Prior to the early 1950s most areas were disturbed by timber cutting, grazing, fire and<br />
invasion by introduced plants. Since then, most of these areas have remained<br />
relatively undisturbed.<br />
Compared with other remnant areas of native vegetation in South Australia those<br />
managed by <strong>ForestrySA</strong> are often the least disturbed due to their long history of<br />
consistent land tenure.<br />
Areas of native vegetation may require specific management prescriptions to achieve<br />
conservation objectives depending upon their disturbances histories. These may<br />
include:-<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
total protection of areas and/or parts of areas from any further disturbances eg.<br />
weed invasions, grazing, pest animals;<br />
protection from bushfires;<br />
restricting public access;<br />
rehabilitation of the over-storey or the understorey vegetation;<br />
re-introduction of selected species of flora and fauna;<br />
ecosystem management by the use of prescribed fire.<br />
1.5 Legislative Protection of Flora and Fauna<br />
1.5.1 Forestry Act 1950<br />
The Forestry Act provides for the declaration of Native Forest Reserves for the<br />
purpose of conserving native flora and fauna.<br />
Regulations under this Act enable enforcement of measures to protect Native Forest<br />
Reserves.<br />
The Act states in respect to Forest Reserves and Native Forest Reserves that :-<br />
3. (1) The Governor may by proclamation<br />
(b) for the purposes relating to the conservation, development and management<br />
of land supporting native flora and fauna, declare a forest reserve, or part of a<br />
forest reserve, to be a native forest reserve;<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
9<br />
3. (2) A proclamation declaring a forest reserve or part of a forest reserve to be<br />
native forest reserve shall contain a statement of the purposes for which the<br />
native forest reserve is established.<br />
9.A Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, the Minister shall manage a<br />
native forest reserve having regard to the purposes for which it was<br />
established and shall endeavour to ensure that no operations are undertaken<br />
on the reserve that are inconsistent with those purposes.<br />
1.5.2 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972<br />
The object of this Act is to provide legislative framework for the management and<br />
protection of native plants and animals throughout South Australia.<br />
For any activity that involves the removal or capture of native plants or animals,<br />
permits must be obtained from both the Department of Environment and Heritage<br />
and <strong>ForestrySA</strong>.<br />
For any activity that involves hunting, permits must be obtained from the Department<br />
of Environment and Heritage, and prior written approval must be obtained from<br />
<strong>ForestrySA</strong>.<br />
1.5.3 Native Vegetation Act 1991<br />
The object of this Act is to control clearance and to facilitate and assist management<br />
of native vegetation in South Australia.<br />
Under the Act, in most circumstances, a range of activities defined as clearing may<br />
not occur without the prior consent of the Native Vegetation Council (Sections 27 to<br />
29). This includes the prescribed use of fire or selective cutting of trees for restoration<br />
purposes. Both of these activities may be approved as part of a management plan<br />
and compliance with this is mandatory.<br />
2. NATURAL RESOURCES<br />
2.1 Climate<br />
The area has a typical Mediterranean climate with warm dry summers and cool wet<br />
winters.<br />
The following mean temperature and rainfall records were obtained from the Bureau<br />
of Meteorology – Climate Averages for the Struan Research Centre which is located<br />
20 kilometres north-west of these Reserves.<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yr.<br />
Mean Max ( C) 27.3 27.9 25.6 20.9 17.7 14.1 14.1 14.9 16.4 19.7 22.5 26.4 18.9<br />
Mean Min ( C) 10.6 10.6 10.9 8.5 7.7 5.4 4.8 5.4 6.2 7.7 7.9 10.9 7.5<br />
Mean Rainfall 27 11 26 38 52 69 88 77 62 51 38 28 566<br />
(mm)<br />
Mean No. Rain<br />
Days<br />
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
6 5 8 12 16 18 21 21 18 14 11 9 159
Average monthly rainfall recorded at the former <strong>Comaum</strong> Forest Reserve<br />
Headquarters from 1954 to 1985 is as follows:<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yr.<br />
24 23 32 49 64 64 87 82 66 50 44 30 610<br />
10<br />
Average annual rainfall for these Reserves based on the preceding information and<br />
the isohyet map for the region is estimated to be in the range from 600 to 650 mm.<br />
2.2 Physical Environment<br />
2.2.1 Regional Geology and Soil Parent Material<br />
The geological evolution of the South East Region of SA is closely related to the<br />
separation of the Australian and Antarctic Continents, formerly parts of the<br />
super-continent Gondwana, beginning about 150 million years ago. Sequences of<br />
terrestrial, riverine-deltaic and marine sediments, characteristic of fluctuating sea<br />
levels, were laid down in the resultant depression now known as the Otway Basin.<br />
The western most portion that underlies the region in SA is known as the Gambier<br />
Embayment.<br />
Flooding of the Gambier Embayment, associated with a warm temperate climate<br />
during the Miocene period, provided conditions for the deposition of bryozoal<br />
limestone now referred to as Gambier Limestone. Since that time, due to the slow<br />
tectonic uplift of the Gambier Embayment, the low coastal plain gradient, and<br />
glaciation sequences, sea level oscillation has produced variable erosion of the<br />
Gambier Limestone and a series of stranded coastal dunes.<br />
Aeolian sands spread and resorted by wind deflation, and volcanic fissure eruptions<br />
in more recent times have produced additional topographic relief and soil parent<br />
material in a relatively flat relict coastal plain.<br />
A more detailed explanation of the geology and soil parent materials of the region<br />
can be found in the Natural History of the South East, (Tyler et al. 1983).<br />
2.2.2 Local Geology<br />
Wombat Flat NFR is in two sections separated by the narrow zone designated as the<br />
Kanawinka or Naracoorte Fault line. The most recent uplift of the eastern side of the<br />
Kanawinka fault affected the Tertiary marine limestone deposited in the former<br />
Murravian Gulf. This movement allowed Tertiary Naracoorte limestone, which<br />
overlies Mt Gambier limestone, to survive erosion. West of the fault, the upper strata<br />
of Mt Gambier limestone were eroded before the oldest dunes were deposited.<br />
Subsequently, aeolian dunes were deposited, on more than one occasion, which<br />
protected both surfaces of the marine limestone. The current difference in elevation<br />
across the fault line is not great, between 20 – 30m., but the linear trend is strongly<br />
revealed. East of the fault line, general elevation is around 110m.<br />
The ages of the dunes forming the base of the two sections are markedly different.<br />
Wombat Flat East dunes were originally deposited more than 800,000 years BP in<br />
the East Naracoorte Range system, over Naracoorte limestone. The Wombat Flat<br />
West dunes date from 685 000 years BP in the West Naracoorte range system,<br />
deposited on eroded Mt Gambier limestone. Both the East and West Naracoorte<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
11<br />
dune ranges were eroded and younger dunes deposited on them; two sequences<br />
remain on the East Naracoorte range and four have been recognised on the West<br />
Naracoorte range. The dune limestone exposed on the higher points in Wombat Flat<br />
NFR is likely to be from mid-Pleistocene dune remnants. Geologically, most of the<br />
soil cover is derived from leached siliceous sands of the Malanganee Formation. In<br />
Victoria these have been classified as Kowree sand or Richmond sand. Rendzina<br />
swamp soils occur where calcarenite forms the base of depressions.<br />
Minor occurrences of terra rossa soils derived from calcarenite dune limestone are<br />
present in the eastern part of Wombat Flat NFR.<br />
<strong>Comaum</strong> NFR and Boolara NFR are situated on the West Naracoorte Range system,<br />
deposited close to the margin of the downthrown side of the Kanawinka Fault which<br />
indicates the oldest Pleistocene deposits are around 685 000 years old. Both<br />
reserves have a core structure of calcarenite dune limestone, with a general<br />
elevation of 70-75 and high points up to 90m. Soils have been formed mainly from<br />
aeolian siliceous dune sands. Relatively small areas of terra rossa are present on<br />
dune crests.<br />
<strong>Comaum</strong> NFR is located on the eastern boundary of an area displaying karst<br />
features including runaway holes (dolines and cenotes). Boolara NFR is in a region<br />
denoted as lacking karst features although still traversed by the West Naracoorte<br />
range, rather than direct contact with Mt Gambier limestone to the north and west.<br />
(Boardman, R 1999).<br />
2.2.3 Soils<br />
Soil surveys prior to purchasing <strong>Comaum</strong> and Boolara <strong>NFRs</strong> described six soil types.<br />
Swamp Soil has been formed in an enclosed sandy depression in Compartment A<br />
Wombat Flat NFR. This soil is shallow over limestone, dark grey to black with a high<br />
organic content. Surface water has not been observed in this swamp for over 20<br />
years, the last record of short term flooding being in the late 1950s.<br />
Meadow Podsol, a shallow dark grey or brown surface sand with abundant coarse<br />
pink grains, over clay, occurs on flats subject to seasonal waterlogging in normal<br />
rainfall years.<br />
Humus Podsol, described as shallow brown sands over clay occurs on flats which<br />
may be subject to seasonal water logging or inundation.<br />
Normal Podsol, (a) described as yellow sands with varying depth to clay according to<br />
their elevation on the dune have developed on sites with good drainage.<br />
(b) described as deep grey sands on the dune crests and upper slopes.<br />
Terra rossa, loams and loamy sand transitionals derived from exposed or shallow<br />
calcarenite limestone are limited in extent on some dune crests and upper slopes.<br />
The dune sands on these Reserves have a larger grain size contributing to a more<br />
loose surface than the sands further south. Sand track access during most of the<br />
year is difficult due to the dry unconsolidated nature of the sand.<br />
2.2.4 Hydrology<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
12<br />
Average rainfall for these Reserves is estimated to be within the range 600 – 650 mm<br />
per annum (see Section 2.1 Climate). There are no permanent swamps, surface<br />
streams or active drains in these Reserves. Rainfall is absorbed through the soil to<br />
the water-table which varies from 1 to 30 metres or more depending on the season<br />
and dune surface elevation.<br />
Some minor drains were constructed through the northern part of <strong>Comaum</strong> NFR to<br />
remove water from pine plantations being established adjacent to that Reserve in<br />
1967 and 1968.<br />
The dry swamp in Cpt A Wombat flat NFR was noted on the original survey drawing<br />
of 1883 as being dry at that time.<br />
2.3 Petroleum and Mining Resources<br />
The south-east of South Australia and western Victoria is a proven petroleum<br />
province referred to as the Otway Basin. There are numerous small natural gas and<br />
carbon dioxide fields in production or in development, both onshore and offshore.<br />
There are also several oil shows/discoveries in exploration wells, some of which may<br />
be commercially viable and be developed.<br />
Petroleum Exploration Licence ( PEL ) 62 exists over a major part of The <strong>Comaum</strong><br />
Native Forest Reserves. ( See Appendix III. ) This tenement provides rights to<br />
explore for petroleum beneath the Reserves and adjacent lands. The PEL also<br />
permits the licensee to apply for Petroleum Production Licences in the case of<br />
resource discovery. ( M. Bayly, pers.comm. )<br />
This plan recognises the potential for petroleum and mineral resources to be present<br />
and recoverable beneath these Native Forest Reserves.<br />
2.3.1 Petroleum Act 2000 and Mining Act 1971<br />
These Acts regulate all activities relating to exploration and production. In regard to<br />
flora and fauna, there are requirements to avoid, or where not reasonably practicable,<br />
minimise environmental impacts. In this regard, impacts to native vegetation are<br />
permitted without requirement of consent under the Native Vegetation Act 1991.<br />
2.4 Biological Environment<br />
2.4.1 Vegetation<br />
Brown stringybark dominates these Reserves occurring on a range of sites from deep<br />
sand dune crests and slopes to sand flats. South Australian blue gum, Pink gum,<br />
Manna gum, Swamp gum and River red gum are restricted to smaller areas with<br />
more fertile soils and greater soil water availability.<br />
The under storey may consist of a few species dominated by bracken on the deep<br />
infertile sands, or be a diverse mix of many heath species on the better sandy flats.<br />
The following vegetation associations have been identified and their more common<br />
constituent species listed.<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
13<br />
Eucalyptus baxteri (Brown stringybark) Association<br />
Dune crests and upper slopes E.baxteri occupies large areas of these Reserves on<br />
the deeper normal podsol sands and may occur as pure or mixed stands. Acacia<br />
mearnsii is usually present over shrub and ground flora containing Leptospermum<br />
myrsinoides, Xanthorrhoea caespitosa, Pteridium esculentum, Acacia myrtifolia,<br />
Epacris impressa, Astroloma conostephoides, Leucopogon ericoides, Leucopogon<br />
virgatus, Hibbertia sericea var. sericea and Styphelia adscendens.<br />
Lower slopes and flats The understorey tends to be more diverse on the flats where<br />
bracken is less dominant. E.viminalis ssp. cygnetensis may be present with Acacia<br />
melanoxylon and A.mearnsii over shrub and ground flora containing Banksia<br />
marginata, L.myrsinoides, X.caespitosa, Calytrix tetragona, L.ericoides,<br />
P.esculentum, A.conostephioides, Amperea xiphoclada, H.sericea and Caustis<br />
pentandra.<br />
Eucalyptus fasciculosa (Pink gum) Association<br />
Terra rossa soils on calcarenite dunes E.fasciculosa occupies these elevated sites<br />
with E.leucoxylon, E.viminalis ssp. cygnetensis and A.mearnsii over a more open<br />
shrub and ground storey containing Bursaria spinosa, Dodonaea viscosa ssp.<br />
spatulata, Goodia lotifolia var. lotifolia, A.conostephioides, Astroloma humifusum,<br />
Dianella spp. Thomasia petalocalyx, H.sericea, Acrotriche serrulata, Clematis<br />
microphylla and Danthonia spp.<br />
Sand flats The understorey changes with increased water availability, A.mearnsii may<br />
be present over B.marginata, Leptospermum continentale, X.caespitosa,<br />
C.tetragona, Hakea rugosa, L.ericoides, A.conostephioides, A.humifusum, H.sericea<br />
and Lepidosperma spp.<br />
Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. cygnetensis (Manna gum) Association<br />
The more fertile shallow sands support relatively small areas of this species over<br />
shrub and ground flora containing B.marginata, L.continentale, Allocasuarina<br />
paludosa, C.tetragona, X.caespitosa, A.conostephioides, Isopogon ceratophyllus,<br />
L.ericoides, Hibbertia porstrata, H.sericea and Hypolaena fastigiata.<br />
Eucalyptus ovata (Swamp gum) Association<br />
E.ovata is restricted generally to an area on a poorly drained meadow podsol which<br />
would normally be subject to winter and spring waterlogging. The shrub and ground<br />
flora contains B.marginata, Melaleuca brevifolia, L.continentale, Gahnia trifida,<br />
X.caespitosa, Isolepis nodosa, Lepidosperma concavum, A.conostephioides,<br />
Cassytha glabella and Hydrocotyle spp.<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River red gum) Association<br />
14<br />
E.camaldulensis is limited to winter swamp margins and wet sand flats subject to<br />
inundation in periods of normal rainfall. All of these sites are dry (September 1999)<br />
following years of below average rain fall and consequent lowered water-tables.<br />
E.viminalis and A.mearnsii can be present over shrub and ground flora containing<br />
B.marginata, L.continentale, A.conostephioides, I.nodosa, Dianella spp., Baumea<br />
juncea, L.concavum and Patersonia fragilis.<br />
A total of 252 native plant species have been recorded for the <strong>Comaum</strong> <strong>NFRs</strong> of<br />
which 53 have a conservation status of Uncommon or higher rating for the SE of<br />
South Australia (Table 1, Natural Resource Data).<br />
The Naracoorte- Lucindale Field Naturalists have recommended that Acacia<br />
longifolia be removed as an environmental weed not indigenous to SA and therefor<br />
exempt under the Native Vegetation Act 1991.<br />
2.42 Fauna<br />
Surveys in 1985 detected species from most faunal groups. The surveys were limited<br />
in time and season and therefore not all species present would have been detected.<br />
Lists of species have been compiled from accumulated observations in the area and<br />
are included in the Natural Resource Data (Tables 2 – 5).<br />
Birds<br />
Bird species can be grouped according to their preferred habitat. The presence of<br />
species from many different groups reflects the diversity of habitat that these<br />
Reserves provide.<br />
Eighty-seven species have been recorded for these Reserves including three<br />
introduced species in surveys conducted by <strong>ForestrySA</strong>, (1985); and ongoing<br />
observations by <strong>ForestrySA</strong> staff.<br />
Species recorded in a Department for Environment and Heritage survey of Glenroy<br />
Conservation Park in 1997 have been included in the bird list because it is<br />
reasonable to assume that all species apart from those dependant on a water based<br />
environment would use the similar habitat available in these Native Forest Reserves<br />
which adjoin or are in close proximity to Glenroy CP.<br />
(Table 2, Natural Resource Data).<br />
The following species have a South Australian conservation status rating of<br />
Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare.<br />
Red-tailed Black Cockatoo E<br />
Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo V<br />
Blue-winged Parrot V<br />
White-bellied cuckoo-shrike R<br />
Black-chinned Honeyeater V<br />
Southern Emu-wren R<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
Mammals<br />
15<br />
Ten native mammal species have been recorded in surveys conducted by<br />
<strong>ForestrySA</strong> (1984); and from incidental observation by <strong>ForestrySA</strong> staff (See Table<br />
3, Natural Resource Data).<br />
Of these, four species have a conservation status rating of Rare viz.,<br />
Sugar Glider R<br />
Eastern Grey Kangaroo R<br />
Common Wombat R<br />
Red-necked Wallaby R<br />
These reserves help support a population of common wombats rated as vulnerable in<br />
South Australia. <strong>Comaum</strong> Forest Annual Reports in the early 1940s refer to the<br />
destruction of these animals which at the time were classed as vermin because they<br />
damaged fencing designed to exclude rabbits from newly established pine<br />
plantations. They are currently under pressure from a mange disease believed to be<br />
carried and spread by foxes.<br />
Reptiles and Amphibians<br />
Seven reptile and four frog species have been recorded in surveys by <strong>ForestrySA</strong> in<br />
1985 (See Tables 4 & 5, Natural Resource Data.)<br />
3. LAND USE<br />
3.1 History<br />
According to Tindale (1974) Aboriginal people of the Bunganditj tribe occupied the<br />
territory which includes the <strong>Comaum</strong> Native forest Reserves. Evidence of occupation<br />
sites, in the form of flint flakes from tool making, are exposed in these Reserves on<br />
sand tracks and ploughed fire breaks.<br />
3.1.1 Acquisition and Name<br />
Wombat Flat NFR<br />
Section 317 Hd of <strong>Comaum</strong> was purchased from the estate of A.S. McElroy<br />
(deceased) in 1937 together with sections 316, 318, 319, 323 and 324 for the<br />
equivalent then of $5.56 per hectare, and was gazetted as Forest Reserve<br />
on14/4/38. Section 273 was purchased from J.G. Gartner in 1939 for $5.93 per<br />
hectare and was gazetted as Forest Reserve on 7/12/39.<br />
This reserve (formerly known as Head Quarters Scrub) takes its name from the<br />
adjoining property which contains an inter-dunal flat (Kanawinka Fault Line) which<br />
historically supported a large population of wombats.<br />
<strong>Comaum</strong> NFR<br />
Section 247 and 248 together with section 246 were purchased from L.C. Berkin in<br />
1965 for $59 per hectare and were gazetted as Forest Reserve on 24/3/66. This<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
16<br />
Reserve previously known as Berkins takes its name from the Hd of <strong>Comaum</strong> and its<br />
relative location to the settlement of the same name shown on the 1:50000 map.<br />
Boolara NFR<br />
Sections 243 and 245 were purchased from A.C. and K.M. Alcock in 1971 for $96 per<br />
hectare and were gazetted as Forest Reserve on 2/11/72. This Reserve, formerly<br />
called Alcocks, takes its name from the adjoining private property of the same name<br />
with the Aboriginal meaning ‘ place with Ibis’ and is shown on the 1: 50000 map.<br />
The majority of the area now reserved was described in the original survey diagram<br />
in the late 1800s as ‘mostly white sand-hills and ferns, patches of good grassland,<br />
timbered with Gum, Stringy-bark, Honeysuckle, Shea-oak and Wattles’. Following<br />
purchase for forestry the cleared or partly cleared gum country was established to<br />
pines and the less suitable stringy-bark and fern dunes which were considered only<br />
suitable for Pinus pinaster at the time were retained in their existing state. These<br />
areas were formally set aside for conservation purposes in line with departmental<br />
policy initiated in 1970 to protect all significant areas of native vegetation.<br />
3.2 Historical Impacts<br />
3.2.1 Grazing<br />
The majority of the area now reserved supports Brown stringybark over bracken and<br />
heath type shrub and ground flora. There is and probably was very little palatable<br />
grass or herbage to sustain domestic grazing animals. Apart from the former<br />
headquarters house paddock recently added to Wombat Flat NFR (part Cpt. C) which<br />
has been intensively grazed for over 40 years at time of writing, there has been<br />
negligible modification of the native vegetation by domestic grazing animals since<br />
purchase of these areas by <strong>ForestrySA</strong>.<br />
3.2.2 Timber Production<br />
Because these Reserves are relatively remote from the larger population centres and<br />
the major industrial users of fuel wood in the 1940s and 1950s, and because the<br />
surrounding districts had extensive natural stands of Red, Blue and Pink gum, the<br />
Stringybark forest would not have been exploited intensively as it was on the ranges<br />
south of Penola and Mt Burr.<br />
Large quantities of Red and Blue gum log cut from land being cleared for pine<br />
plantation establishment were sawn into sleepers and construction timber by private<br />
mills operating in this area. Charcoal production in the 1940s and wattle bark<br />
stripping in the 1950s would have had little impact on these Stringybark Reserves.<br />
However there is anecdotal and physical evidence which suggests that some of the<br />
better trees both gum and stringybark were cut from these areas to produce<br />
construction timber, sleepers, strainers, posts, rails and firewood prior to 1962. The<br />
former owner of <strong>Comaum</strong> NFR is said to have milled shed construction timber and<br />
shearing shed floor grating from that Reserve.<br />
Hardwood utilisation from <strong>Comaum</strong> Forest Reserve ceased in 1962. It is now difficult<br />
to determine the impacts of this cutting other than to acknowledge a modification in<br />
age and size due to the removal of large well formed trees.<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
3.2.3 Wildfire<br />
17<br />
According to <strong>Comaum</strong> Forest Reserve Annual Reports, wild-fires occurred in natural<br />
forest areas in season 1946/47 but the area burnt and the location is not recorded,<br />
and in season 1950/51 when 30 acres were burnt but again the location is not<br />
provided. There is no record of wild-fires occurring in these Reserves in fire reports<br />
that have been maintained for the Region since 1958.<br />
Bob Clayfield (pers. comm. 1999) a land holder and resident of <strong>Comaum</strong> from 1921,<br />
cannot recall a major wildfire on <strong>ForestrySA</strong> land from that time.<br />
3.2.4 Prescribed Burning<br />
Prescribed burning of native forest in the <strong>Comaum</strong> Forest Reserve to reduce fuel<br />
loads and the potential fire intensity adjacent to pine plantations was reported in<br />
1946. From 1959 to 1991 prescribed burning was carried out as scheduled in<br />
working plans with up to 545 hectares being burnt in 1976/77. Burning ceased in<br />
these Reserves in 1992 in accordance with regulations in the Native Vegetation Act<br />
1991 which considers unauthorised burning to be a form of clearing. Burning will<br />
resume when Native Vegetation Council approval is obtained for planned future<br />
operations.<br />
Prescribed Burning Policy<br />
In 1971, in recognition of the conservation value of the native forests and the limited<br />
knowledge of the ecological impact of repeated burning, <strong>ForestrySA</strong> (then Woods<br />
and Forests Department) developed a prescribed burning policy with the objective of<br />
carrying out low intensity mosaic burning in native forests at intervals of 3 - 8 years.<br />
Some areas were scheduled for longer intervals between burns, and certain areas<br />
were excluded from burning to provide scientific reference (benchmark) areas.<br />
The policy was reviewed in 1985, 1992 and 1998, continuing the emphasis on habitat<br />
management.<br />
The objectives of <strong>ForestrySA</strong>'s current Prescribed Burning Policy which schedules<br />
burning of varying intensity and interval in selected compartments while maintaining<br />
other compartments as unburnt reference areas, is to:<br />
create and maintain floristic and structural diversity<br />
optimise species presence and minimise further local extinctions<br />
reduce wildfire intensities to improve survival and re-colonisation opportunities<br />
protect assets by fuel reduction in limited strategic areas.<br />
The policy recommends alternating prescribed fire intensity from low to high for<br />
consecutive fires in the same compartment. The seasonal timing of the fire, ie,<br />
spring or autumn may also vary depending on assessed vegetation diversity and<br />
development and the requirement for species regeneration.<br />
The minimum interval between burns has been based on the reproductive period of<br />
the major over-storey species Eucalyptus baxteri which has been established to be<br />
about 10 years. The reproductive period is the time necessary for a seedling to<br />
mature to sufficient size to produce its own seed and be able to survive the effects of<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
18<br />
the next scheduled fire. The minimum interval is flexible beyond 10 years such that<br />
scheduled burning will be postponed in drought years if the area to be burnt<br />
represents more than 25% of the Reserve.<br />
The previous fire history of a compartment is considered when planning future<br />
prescribed burning.<br />
The record of known previous prescribed burning is shown in Figures 4.1–3.<br />
Proposed prescribed burning is shown in Figures 5.1–3 and Section 7 Appendix II<br />
subject to ratification by the Native Vegetation Council.<br />
3.2.5 Other Impacts<br />
Establishment of internal tracks defining compartments as they currently exist in the<br />
Wombat Flat NFR was completed in the early 1960s. A refuse dump which<br />
previously serviced the <strong>Comaum</strong> Forest Reserve Headquarters and staff houses<br />
situated in Cpt. G Wombat Flat NFR was covered over, and the limestone track<br />
leading into it was ripped in 1996 to deter vehicular access.<br />
On site evidence of previous cultivation supports local narrative of oat crops grown<br />
on the now dry swamp in Cpt A in this Reserve.<br />
The internal tracks within <strong>Comaum</strong> and Boolara <strong>NFRs</strong> were established to facilitate<br />
fire management shortly after their purchase in 1965 and 1971 respectively.<br />
3.2.6 Exotic plants and animals<br />
Apart from some introduced species in the former house paddock Cpt. C and a<br />
creeper (Periwinkle?) in the north-west corner of Cpt. D there is only low level<br />
infestation of Tree lucerne, Cootamundra wattle and pine in Wombat Flat NFR.<br />
<strong>Comaum</strong> and Boolara <strong>NFRs</strong> have low levels of pine wildings only.<br />
Rabbits, foxes, cats and house mice are known to inhabit these Reserves and may<br />
have modified the biological community during their long period of occupation. The<br />
probability is that some animal and plant species have been lost from these Reserves<br />
due to predation and competition by introduced pest species. The risk of local<br />
extinctions remains with the continued presence of pest species.<br />
3.3 Current Uses<br />
3.3.1 Conservation<br />
The areas comprising The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves were set aside for the<br />
conservation of flora and fauna in 1970 and 1972 in line with policy at that time to<br />
reserve all remaining native forest on Woods and Forests Department land for<br />
conservation purposes.<br />
3.3.2 Community Use<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
19<br />
The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves offer recreation opportunities such as bush<br />
walking and bird watching and are visited infrequently by individuals and groups<br />
interested in natural history.<br />
3.4 Adjacent Land Use<br />
Land managed by <strong>ForestrySA</strong>, the greater part supporting pine plantation, accounts<br />
for 45% of adjacent land use. Pine and Blue gum plantations owned by private forest<br />
growers occupy a further 15%. Sheep and cattle graze 30% of adjacent land<br />
including a large area of open woodland to the west of <strong>Comaum</strong> NFR. The balance<br />
of 10% is occupied by native forest owned by private land-holders, local government<br />
and the Department for Environment and Heritage (Glenroy CP).<br />
The wedge shaped Section 390 Hd. of <strong>Comaum</strong> (Stone Reserve No. 2) adjoining<br />
Wombat Flat on the northern boundary of Cpt. B containing Stringybark forest, and<br />
on the western boundary of Cpt. C containing Red gum woodland, is owned by the<br />
District Council of Wattle Range, this land tenure change is not evident on the<br />
ground.<br />
4. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES<br />
4.1 Native Forest Management Philosophies<br />
In managing native forests <strong>ForestrySA</strong> recognises the following principles:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Ecosystems are dynamic and will continue to change with time.<br />
In most instances biological data for decision making represents a single<br />
'snapshot' in time.<br />
Decisions will generally be for management of ecosystems, communities and<br />
processes, as all information on individual species or for all species will never be<br />
available.<br />
Due to the long-term changes in ecosystems, the availability of data showing<br />
changes over time is uncommon.<br />
The least disturbed sites will be protected and used as benchmark areas to<br />
monitor changes due to natural succession without fire, and may be used as<br />
reference sites for restoration of adjacent disturbed areas.<br />
The 'scale' of post settlement disturbance may influence the subsequent rates of<br />
change in the ecosystem. The larger and more perceptible the scale of<br />
disturbance eg. logging or bushfires, the easier it is to document impacts and to<br />
develop restoration programs.<br />
To maximise diversity all areas will not be treated the same way at the same time.<br />
Maximising the conservation value of an area may involve consultation and<br />
cooperation with neighbouring landowners (private individuals, Local Government<br />
and other Government Agencies).<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
4.2 Long-term Management Objectives For Native Forest Reserves<br />
20<br />
<strong>ForestrySA</strong> is committed to the following broad management objectives for the native<br />
forests under its control for the benefit of the people of South Australia.<br />
4.2.1 Conservation Management<br />
Manage for the long-term conservation of native plant and animal communities.<br />
4.2.2 Community Use<br />
<br />
<br />
Manage community use consistent with the primary conservation purpose of the<br />
Reserve.<br />
Promote understanding and awareness of the conservation values of the<br />
Reserve.<br />
4.2.3 Protection<br />
<br />
<br />
Protect the Reserves to minimise impacts from human induced or natural events.<br />
Control pest plants and animals.<br />
4.2.4 Rehabilitation<br />
Rehabilitate sites that have been severely degraded by human activity since<br />
European settlement.<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
21<br />
SOUTH EAST REGION<br />
THE COMAUM NATIVE FOREST RESERVES<br />
5 YEAR MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
22<br />
5. FIVE YEAR MANAGEMENT PROGRAM<br />
The Management actions proposed will be carried out in accordance with guidelines contained in the relevant procedural policies listed in<br />
Appendix 1.<br />
5.1 Conservation Management<br />
Goal - Manage The <strong>Comaum</strong> <strong>NFRs</strong> for the long<br />
term conservation of native plant and animal<br />
communities.<br />
5.1.1 Specific Objectives – Habitat Management Action Priority Timing<br />
Terminate grazing lease Wombat Flat NFR Negotiate the cancellation of the grazing<br />
High<br />
2000<br />
agreement in Cpt. C to allow natural regeneration.<br />
2000<br />
Low<br />
Back fill quarry in Cpt. D and allow natural<br />
regeneration.<br />
Prohibit quarrying in Boolara NFR<br />
Ongoing<br />
High<br />
Protect and encourage native vegetation on this<br />
public road in cooperation with the DC of Wattle<br />
Range.<br />
Maintain the road vegetation link between<br />
<strong>Comaum</strong> and Boolara <strong>NFRs</strong><br />
Ongoing<br />
High<br />
Conduct the prescribed burning program as<br />
proposed in Figures 5.1 to 5.3 and Appendix II<br />
subject to approval from NVC.<br />
Maintain diverse vegetation structure and<br />
composition by prescribed burning selected<br />
compartments.<br />
High Ongoing<br />
Collaborate with other agencies involved in<br />
ecological studies to ensure that information<br />
obtained is included in the <strong>ForestrySA</strong> Natural<br />
Resource Data Base.<br />
5.1.2 Specific Objective – Conservation Research<br />
Coordinate and facilitate projects to improve<br />
knowledge and understanding of the natural<br />
features and biological community.<br />
5.1.3 Specific Objective – Cooperative Management<br />
Consult with adjoining land owners Advise neighbours of management operations High Ongoing<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
23<br />
High Ongoing<br />
which may affect them, eg. prescribed burning,<br />
pest control, community use.<br />
Pursue opportunities for cooperative management<br />
with owners of adjoining native forest, particularly<br />
DEH in regard to Glenroy Conservation Park.<br />
5.2 Community Use<br />
Goals – Manage community use of the Reserves<br />
consistent with its primary conservation<br />
purpose<br />
- Promote understanding and<br />
awareness of their conservation values.<br />
Ongoing<br />
High<br />
Erect and maintain signs at appropriate locations<br />
5.2.1 Specific Objective – Reserve Identity<br />
Identify ownership of the Reserves, their names,<br />
status, area, and permitted activities.<br />
2000<br />
Med<br />
If appropriate nominate these reserves for listing<br />
on the register of the National Estate<br />
High Ongoing<br />
Restrict public vehicle access to permitted<br />
activities.<br />
5.2.2 Specific Objective – Access<br />
Prohibit unauthorised access to minimise<br />
damage to natural features<br />
High Ongoing<br />
Ensure that permitted activities and approved<br />
public events are compatible with the conservation<br />
aims of the Reserve and are consistent with<br />
regulations under the relevant Acts for the<br />
protection of native flora and fauna.<br />
5.2.3 Specific Objectives – Community Use<br />
Manage recreation activities to minimise impacts<br />
on natural features<br />
High Ongoing<br />
Inform recreation users that certain areas may be<br />
declared unavailable for high impact activities.<br />
Identify sensitive areas for exclusion from high<br />
impact recreation activities<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
24<br />
High Ongoing<br />
Ensure that the impacts of permitted activities are<br />
monitored and reported by recreation users or<br />
<strong>ForestrySA</strong>.<br />
Identify activities that have the potential for<br />
deleterious impacts and implement appropriate<br />
monitoring programs.<br />
5.3 Protection<br />
Goal – Protect the Reserves to minimise<br />
impacts from human induced or natural events.<br />
High Annual<br />
Maintain fire breaks and access tracks to facilitate<br />
wildfire and prescribed burning control operations<br />
Regulate public access and use of the Reserve in<br />
the fire danger period.<br />
In the event of a wildfire, when necessary, take<br />
special measures (eg. fire break construction, and<br />
back burning) to minimise the area burnt.<br />
5.3.1 Specific Objective – Wild-fire Protection<br />
Minimise the area burnt in wild-fires using a<br />
range of wildfire prevention measures<br />
High Ongoing<br />
High Ongoing<br />
High Ongoing<br />
Implement the prescribed burning as scheduled in<br />
Figures 5 recognising that prescribed burning for<br />
habitat management reduces fuel loads which<br />
may assist to reduce fire intensity and rate of<br />
spread.<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
25<br />
2000<br />
Med<br />
Remove introduced plant species from Cpt C<br />
Wombat flat NFR – former house paddock<br />
Maintain fencing on boundaries to exclude<br />
neighbours’ sheep and cattle<br />
Map occurrences of scheduled pest plants and<br />
other environmental weeds including nonindigenous<br />
Acacia spp. and implement control<br />
measures<br />
Monitor feral animal populations and implement<br />
control operations as required<br />
Maintain the program to remove pine wildings with<br />
priority to the Scientific Reference Areas<br />
5.3.2 Specific Objective – Introduced Species<br />
Minimise impacts from introduced plants and<br />
animals<br />
Ongoing<br />
High<br />
Ongoing<br />
High<br />
High Ongoing<br />
Med Ongoing<br />
High Ongoing<br />
Ensure precautions are taken to prevent damage<br />
to the Reserve by commercial forestry activities<br />
such as herbicide spraying, fertiliser application,<br />
and logging operations.<br />
Prohibit firewood removal unless part of an<br />
approved management operation<br />
Prohibit Bee Husbandry on <strong>ForestrySA</strong> land which<br />
may impact on the flora in these Reserves<br />
Regulate native species seed harvesting in<br />
accordance with <strong>ForestrySA</strong> Policy.<br />
5.3.3 Specific Objective – Commercial Activity<br />
Regulate commercial activities in the Reserve<br />
and adjacent plantation areas to minimise<br />
damage to the biological community<br />
High Ongoing<br />
High Ongoing<br />
Ongoing<br />
High<br />
Ongoing<br />
High<br />
Regulate Petroleum activities as per Petroleum<br />
Act 2000, and Regulations.<br />
Final<br />
Plan – August 2001
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
26<br />
SOUTH EAST REGION<br />
THE COMAUM NATIVE FOREST RESERVES<br />
6. NATURAL RESOURCE DATA
TABLE 1<br />
27<br />
PLANT SPECIES RECORDED FOR COMAUM NATIVE FOREST<br />
RESERVES<br />
Botanical Name Common Name Conservation<br />
Significance<br />
*Acacia baileyana Cootamundra wattle 3<br />
*Acacia longifolia Sallow wattle 4<br />
Acacia mearnsii Black wattle 1<br />
Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood 2<br />
Acacia myrtifolia var.myrtifolia Bitter leaved wattle 2<br />
Acacia oxycedrus Spike wattle U/U 3<br />
Acacia pycnantha Golden wattle 3<br />
Acacia suaveolens Sweet wattle V/V 3<br />
Acacia verticillata Prickly Moses 1<br />
Acaena echinata var. Sheep burrs 3<br />
Acaena novae-zelandiae Bidgee-widgee 1<br />
Acrotriche serrulata Honeypots 3<br />
Agrostis avenacea var. avenacea Blown grass 4<br />
*Aira cupaniana Silvery hair-grass 4<br />
Allocasuarina paludosa Scrub sheoak 3<br />
Allocasuarina pusilla Dwarf sheoak 4<br />
Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping sheoak 3<br />
Amperea xiphoclada var. xiphoclada Broom spurge U/U 3<br />
Amphipogon strictus var.setifer Grey-beard grass 4<br />
Amyema miguelii Box mistletoe 4<br />
Amyema pendulum ssp.pendulum Drooping mistletoe 2<br />
*Anagallis arvensis Scarlet pimpernel 4<br />
*Arctotheca calendula Capeweed 3<br />
Argentipallium blandowskianum Woolly everlasting 3<br />
Arthropodium fimbriatum Nodding cholocate-<br />
4<br />
Arthropodium strictum Chocolate lily 2<br />
*Aster subulatus Wild aster 4<br />
Astroloma conostephioides Flame heath 1<br />
Astroloma humifusum Native cranberry 2<br />
*Avena barbata Oat 2<br />
Banksia marginata Silver banksia 1<br />
Banksia ornata Desert banksia 3<br />
Baumea arthrophylla Twig-rush 4<br />
Baumea juncea Bare twig-rush 3<br />
Billardiera cymosa Sweet apple-berry 3<br />
Boronia nana Dwarf boronia U/U 3<br />
Bossiaea cinerea Showy bossiaea U/U 4<br />
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
lily<br />
Source
Bossiaea prostrata Creeping bossiaea 3<br />
Brachycome cardiocarpa Swamp daisy R/R 3<br />
Brachycome ciliaris var. ciliaris Variable daisy 4<br />
Brachycome graminea Brachycome R/R 4<br />
Brachycome uliginosa Daisy R/R 3<br />
Brachyloma ciliatum Fringed brachyloma 3<br />
*Briza maxima Quaking grass 3<br />
*Briza minor Shivery grass 4<br />
Brunonia australis Blue pincushion 3<br />
Burchardia umbellata Milkmaids 3<br />
Bursaria spinosa Sweet bursaria 2<br />
Caladenia carnea var. carnea Pink fingers 4<br />
Caladenia latifolia Pink fairies 3<br />
Caladenia necrophylla King spider R/R 4<br />
Caladenia tentaculata Orchid 4<br />
Calochilus paludosus Red beard-orchid V/V 4<br />
Calochilus robertsonii Common beardorchid<br />
N/R 4<br />
Calytrix tetragona Common Fringe-<br />
1<br />
28<br />
myrtle<br />
Carex breviculmis Sedge N/U 4<br />
Carprobotus rossii Karkalla 3<br />
Cassytha glabella forma dispar Slender dodder-laurel 3<br />
Cassytha pubescens Downy dodder-laurel 1<br />
Caustis pentandra Thick twist – rush 1<br />
*Centaurium erythraea Common centaury 2<br />
Centella cordifolia s.str. Centella U/U 4<br />
Centipeda cunninghamii Common<br />
4<br />
sneezeweed<br />
Centrolepis aristata Pointed centrolepis 4<br />
Centrolepis polygyna Wiry centrolepis 4<br />
Centrolepis strigosa Hairy centrolepis 4<br />
*Chamaecytisus palmensis Tree lucerne 3<br />
Chamaescilla corymbosa var. corymbosa Blue squill 3<br />
Chenopodium pumilio Clammy goosefoot 4<br />
*Chondrilla juncea Skeleton weed 3<br />
Chrysocephalum apiculatum Common everlasting 3<br />
*Cirsium vulgare Spear thistle 2<br />
Clematis microphylla Old mans beard 3<br />
Comesperma volubile Love creeper 3<br />
Convolvulus aff.erubescens Australian bindweed U/U 4<br />
Convolvulus remotus Australian bindweed 3<br />
*Conyza albida Tall fleabane 4<br />
Correa reflexa var. reflexa Common correa 1<br />
Corybas diemenicus Veined helmet-orchid 5<br />
Corybas incurvus Slaty helmet-orchid U/U 5<br />
Corybas unguiculatus Small helmet-orchid R/R 4<br />
Craspedia glauca Batchelors buttons 3<br />
Crassula closiana Stalked crassula 4<br />
Crassula decumbens var. decumbens Spreading crassula 4<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
Crassula seiberiana ssp. tetramera Sieber crassula 4<br />
Cryptandra tomentosa Prickly cryptandra 4<br />
*Cynodon dactylon Couch-grass 4<br />
Cynoglossum australe Australian hounds<br />
3<br />
29<br />
tongue<br />
*Cynosurus echinatus Rough dogs tail grass 4<br />
Cyperus tenellus Tiny flat sedge 4<br />
Cyrtostylis reniformis Gnat orchid 3<br />
Cyrtostylis robusta Robust gnat-orchid 5<br />
Danthonia geniculata Kneed wallaby –<br />
grass<br />
2<br />
Danthonia racemosa var. racemosa Wallaby – grass N/U 4<br />
Danthonia semiannularis Wallaby – grass U/U 4<br />
Danthonia setacea var. setacea Bristly wallaby –<br />
grass<br />
2<br />
Daucus glochidiatus Native carrot 3<br />
Daviesia brevifolia Leafless Bitter-pea 2<br />
*Desmazeria rigida Fern grass 4<br />
Deyeuxia quadriseta Reed bent-grass 4<br />
Dianella revoluta var. brevicaulis Black-anther flax-lily 3<br />
Dianbella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther flax-lily 2<br />
Dichelachne crinita Plume-grass N/U 2<br />
Dichondra repens Kidney weed 3<br />
Dillwynia cinerascens Grey parrot – pea E/E 2<br />
Dillwynia glaberrima Smooth parrot – pea 2<br />
Dillwynia hispida Red parrot – pea 3<br />
Dillwynia sericea Showy parrot – pea 3<br />
*Dittrichia gravelolens Stinkwort 4<br />
Diuris sulphurea Tiger – orchid R/R 3<br />
Dodonea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky hop – bush 1<br />
Drosera auriculata Tall sundew 2<br />
Drosera glanduligeri Scarlet sundew 4<br />
Drosera macrantha ssp. planchonii Climbing sundew 4<br />
Drosera peltata Pale sundew 4<br />
Drosera pygmaea Tiny sundew 4<br />
Drosera whittakeri ssp. Scented sundew 1<br />
*Ehrharta calycina Perennial veldt grass 4<br />
*Ehrharta erecta Panic veldt-grass 3<br />
Epacris impressa Common heath 1<br />
Epilobium billardierianum ssp x<br />
Willow herb 4<br />
intermedium<br />
Eragrostis benthamii Common lovegrass 4<br />
Eriochilus cucullatus Parsons bands 4<br />
Eucalyptus baxteri Brown stringy-bark 1<br />
Eucalyptus camaldulensis var.<br />
River redgum 3<br />
camaldulensis<br />
Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink gum 2<br />
Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon S.A. Blue gum 2<br />
Eucalyptus ovata Swamp gum 3<br />
Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. cygnetensis Manna gum 3<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
Euchiton gymnocephalus Creeping cudweed 4<br />
Exocarpos cupressiformis Native cherry 2<br />
Gahnia trifida Cutting grass 3<br />
Gastrodia sesamoides Cinnamon bells R/K 2<br />
Geranium potentilloides var. potentilloides Geranium 3<br />
Glossodia major Purple cockatoo 3<br />
Glycine clandestina var. clandestina Twining glycine 3<br />
Gonocarpus tetragynus Common raspwort 2<br />
Goodenia geniculata Bent goodenia 3<br />
Goodia medicaginea Golden-tip 2<br />
Hakea nodosa Yellow hakea 3<br />
Hakea rostrata Beaked hakea 3<br />
Hakea rugosa Dwarf hakea 2<br />
Helichrysum scorpioides Button everlasting 3<br />
Hemarthria uncinata var. uncinata Mat grass 3<br />
Hibbertia prostrata Bundled guinea-<br />
1<br />
30<br />
flower<br />
Hibbertia riparia aff. stricta Erect guinea-flower N/Q 4<br />
Hibbertia riparia var. Guinea - flower 1<br />
Hibbertia sericea var. scabrifolia Silky guinea - flower 4<br />
Hibbertia sericea var. sericea Silky guinea – flower 2<br />
Hibbertia stricta var. stricta Erect guinea – flower 3<br />
*Holcus lanatus Yorkshire fog 3<br />
Hovea linearis Common hovea V/V 1<br />
Hybanthus floribundus ssp. floribundus Shrub violet 3<br />
Hydrocotyle callicarpa Tiny pennywort 4<br />
Hydrorotyle laxiflora Stinking penny-wort 1<br />
Hypericum gramineum Small St. Johns wort N/U 4<br />
*Hypochoeris radicata Deep-rooted catsear 1<br />
Hypolaena fastigiata Tassel rope-rush 1<br />
Hypoxis vaginata var. vaginata Yellow star N/U 3<br />
Imperata cylindrica Kunai grass 3<br />
Indigofera australis var. australis Austral indigo N/Q 3<br />
Isolepis nodosa Knobby club – rush 2<br />
Isolepis platycarpa Club rush 4<br />
Isopogon ceratophyllus Cone bush 3<br />
Juncus bufonius Toad rush 4<br />
*Juncus capitatus Capitate rush 4<br />
Juncus holoschoenus Joint-leaved rush 4<br />
Juncus kraussii Sea rush 4<br />
Juncus pallidus Pale rush 3<br />
Juncus planifolius Broad-leaved rush N/U 4<br />
Juncus subsecundus Finger rush 4<br />
Kennedia prostrata Running postman 3<br />
*Lagurus ovatus Hares tail grass 4<br />
*Lactuca serriola Prickly lettuce 4<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
Lavatera plebeia Australian holly hock 3<br />
Laxmannia orientalis Dwarf wire-lily 3<br />
Lepidosperma canescens Hoary rapier-sedge N/U 3<br />
Lepidosperma carphoides Black rapier-sedge 3<br />
Lepidosperma concavum Sword-sedge 3<br />
Lepidosperma curtisiae Little sword-sedge N/T 4<br />
Lepidosperma laterale Tall sword-sedge U/R 4<br />
Lepidosperma longitudinale Pithy sword-sedge 4<br />
Leporella fimbriata Fringed hare-orchid 5<br />
Leptocarpus brownii Coarse twine – rush 3<br />
Leptocarpus tenax Slender twine – rush 1<br />
Leptospermum continentale Prickly tea-tree 1<br />
Leptospermum lanigerum Silky tea-tree 3<br />
Leptospermum myrsinoides Heath tea – tree 1<br />
Lepyrodia muelleri Common scale – rush 4<br />
Leucopogon clelandii Clelands beardedheath<br />
R/R 4<br />
Leucopogon ericoides Pink bearded – heath 1<br />
Leucopogon virgatus Common beard-heath 1<br />
Lomandra micrantha ssp.micrantha Small-flower mat –<br />
4<br />
Lomandra nana Pale mat – rush 1<br />
Lomandra sororia Small mat-rush U/U 4<br />
Lythrum hyssopifolia Lesser loose strife 4<br />
Melaleuca brevifolia Mallee honey-myrtle 3<br />
Melaleuca gibbosa Slender honey-myrtle 3<br />
Melaleuca lanceolata ssp. lanceolata Moonah 3<br />
*Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal 4<br />
Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides Weeping rice-grass 5<br />
Microseris lanceolata Yam Daisy 3<br />
Microtis parviflora Slender onion-orchid U/U 4<br />
Microtis unifolia complex Common onion-<br />
4<br />
31<br />
rush<br />
orchid<br />
Monotoca scoparia Broom heath U/U 2<br />
*Myrsiphyllum asparagoides Bridle creeper 4<br />
Neurachne alopecuroidea Fox-tail mulga-grass 4<br />
*Oenothera stricta Evening primrose 3<br />
Olearia axillaris Coast daisy – bush 3<br />
Opercularia varia Variable stinkweed 4<br />
Oxalis perennans Oxalis 3<br />
*Oxalis purpurea One o’clock 3<br />
Panicum effusum var. effusum Hairy panic 4<br />
*Parentucellia viscosa Yellow bartsia 4<br />
*Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum 4<br />
Patersonia fragilis Swamp iris U/U 3<br />
Pelargonium australe Austral storks bill 3<br />
Pelargonium littorale Storks bill 3<br />
Pelargonium rodneyanum Magenta storks bill 3<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
Pentapogon quadrifidus var. quadrifidus Five-awned speargrass<br />
R/R 4<br />
Persicaria prostrata Trailing knotweed U/U 4<br />
Persoonia juniperina (Prickly) geebung 3<br />
*Petrorhagia velutina Velvet pink 3<br />
Phyllangium distylis Tiny mitrewort R/R 4<br />
Pimelea glauca Smooth riceflower 4<br />
Pimelea humilis Common riceflower 3<br />
Pimelea linifolia ssp. linifolia Slender riceflower 2<br />
Pimelea stricta Gaunt riceflower 3<br />
*Pinus pinaster Maritime pine 3<br />
*Pinus radiata Radiata pine 3<br />
*Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Ribgrass 3<br />
Poa crassicaudex Poa 4<br />
Poa labillardieri var. labillardieri Tussock grass 4<br />
Poa rodwayi Poa R/R 2<br />
Podolepis jaceoides Showy podolepis R/R 3<br />
Poranthera microphylla Small poranthera 3<br />
Prasophyllum sp. Orchid 4<br />
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Cudweed 4<br />
Pteridium esculentum Bracken 1<br />
Pterostylis nana Dwarf green-hood 4<br />
Pterostylis pedunculata Maroon-hood 5<br />
Pterostylis plumosa Bearded green-hood 4<br />
Ptilotus macrocephalus Large green pussytail U/U 4<br />
Pultenea tenuifolia Bush-pea 4<br />
Pyrorchis nigricans Red-beak orchid 5<br />
Ranunculus robertsonii Slender buttercup R/R 3<br />
*Rumex crispus Curled dock 4<br />
Rutidosis multiflora Small wrinklewort 4<br />
*Salix cinerea Common sallow 4<br />
*Scabiosa atropurpurea Purple pincushion 4<br />
Schoenus apogon Common bog-rush 1<br />
Schoenus nitens Shiny bog-rush 4<br />
Selliera radicans Swamp weed 4<br />
Senecio glomeratus (Annual) fireweed 1<br />
Senecio picridioides Fireweed 3<br />
Senecio quadridentatus Cotton fireweed 2<br />
Senecio squarrosus Squarrose fireweed 4<br />
Senecio tenuiflorus Senecio 1<br />
*Solanum nigrum Black-berry<br />
nightshade<br />
4<br />
*Sonchus asper ssp. glaucescens Prickly sow-thistle 4<br />
*Sonchus oleraceus Common sow –<br />
3<br />
32<br />
thistle<br />
Sphaerolobium minus Leafless globe-pea R/R 3<br />
*Sporobolus indicus var. africanus Rats-tail grass 3<br />
Stackhousia monogyna Creamy candles 3<br />
Stipa mollis Spear – grass 1<br />
Stylidium beaugleholei Beaugleholes trigger- R/R 4<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
Stylidium graminifolium<br />
plant<br />
Grass trigger-plant 2<br />
Stylidium inundatum Hundreds and<br />
thousands<br />
4<br />
Stylidium perpusillum Slender trigger-plant U/R 4<br />
Styphelia adscendens Golden heath U/U 2<br />
*Taraxacum officinale Dandelion 3<br />
Tetratheca ciliata Pink – bells 1<br />
Thelymitra antennifera Rabbit – ears 4<br />
Thelymitra epipactoides Metallic sun-orchid E/E 4<br />
Thelymitra flexuosa Twisted sun- orchid R/R 3<br />
Thelymitra ixioides Spotted sun – orchid 3<br />
Thelymitra juncifolia Spotted sun orchid N/U 4<br />
Thelymitra pauciflora Slender sun-orchid 4<br />
Thelymitra rubra Common pink sun-<br />
4<br />
33<br />
orchid<br />
Themeda triandra Kangaroo grass 2<br />
Thomasia petalocalyx Paper – flower 2<br />
Thysanotus patersonii Twining fringe – lily 3<br />
Tricoryne elatior Yellow rush – lily 3<br />
Tricostularia pauciflora Needle bog-rush E/E 4<br />
*Trifolium angustifolium Narrow - leaved<br />
4<br />
clover<br />
*Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hares foot clover 3<br />
*Trifolium campestre Hop clover 4<br />
*Trifolium stellatum Star clover 3<br />
*Trifolium subterraneum Sub clover 3<br />
Typha domingensis Bulrush 4<br />
Villarsia reniformis Running marsh –<br />
flower<br />
3<br />
*Vinca major Periwinkle 3<br />
Viola cleistogamoides Native violet U/R 3<br />
Vittadinia australasica Vittadinia 4<br />
Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata Fuzzweed 4<br />
Vittadinia gracilis Woolly new holland<br />
daisy<br />
3<br />
Wahlenbergia gracilenta Annual bluebell 3<br />
Wahlenbergia multicaulis Tadgell’s bluebell 3<br />
Wahlenbergia stricta ssp.stricta Tall bluebell 4<br />
Xanthorrhoea caespitosa Grass – tree 1<br />
Zoysia matrella Manila grass R/R 4<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
34<br />
Interim conservation significance codes are shown where warranted as a state and region<br />
rating in the format SA/SE.<br />
Code E – Endangered<br />
V – Vulnerable<br />
T – Threatened, ie. either Vulnerable or Endangered<br />
K – Uncertain, but likely to be Rare or Threatened<br />
R – Rare<br />
? – Not rated, but of possible significance<br />
U – Uncommon<br />
N – Common<br />
2000 Update of Conservation Status Codes Report by Lang, P.J. Kraehenbuehl, D. N. –<br />
Department for Environment and Heritage. * = Introduced<br />
1. Department of Environment and Planning Survey, 1991 (Leonie Heard).<br />
2. Permanent Vegetation Plots – 19884/85 W & F Survey and Reference Herbarium<br />
3. General Survey 1995 <strong>ForestrySA</strong> (Grigg).<br />
4. Survey by D. Murfet, R Taplin, K Alcock March & October 1997.<br />
5. Observations by Naracoorte-Lucindale Field Naturalists July 2000.<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
TABLE 2<br />
35<br />
Bird Species Recorded for<br />
The <strong>Comaum</strong> Native Forest Reserves<br />
Showing Preferred Food and Habitat<br />
BIRD GROUPS STATUS<br />
1. Species feeding predominantly on flowers (nectar and/or<br />
pollen) and fruits (pulp and/or seeds) in trees and shrubs<br />
(A) Predominantly flowers and small insects in trees and shrubs<br />
Eastern Spinebill<br />
Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris<br />
Red Wattlebird<br />
Anthochaera carunculata<br />
Little Wattlebird<br />
Anthochaera chrysoptera<br />
Yellow-faced Honeyeater<br />
Lichenostomus chrysops<br />
White-eared Honeyeater<br />
Lichenostomus leucotis<br />
White-plumed Honeyeater<br />
Lichenostomus penicillatus<br />
Brown-headed Honeyeater<br />
Melithreptus brevirostris<br />
Black-chinned Honeyeater<br />
Melithreptus gularis<br />
White-naped Honeyeater<br />
Melithreptus lunatus<br />
Tawny-crowned Honeyeater<br />
Phylidonyris melanops<br />
New Holland Honeyeater<br />
Phylidonyris novaehollandiae<br />
(B) Predominantly flowers, fruits and insects in trees and shrubs<br />
Noisy Miner<br />
Manorina melanocephala<br />
Grey Currawong<br />
Strepera versicolor<br />
Silvereye<br />
Zosterops lateralis<br />
(C) Predominantly fruits in trees and shrubs<br />
Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo<br />
Calyptorhynchus funereus<br />
Crimson Rosella<br />
Platycercus elegans<br />
Eastern Rosella<br />
Platycercus eximius<br />
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
V<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
V<br />
C<br />
C
36<br />
BIRD GROUPS STATUS<br />
(D) Predominantly fruits in tree canopies<br />
Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo<br />
Calyptorhynchus banksii<br />
Mistletoebird<br />
Dicaeum hirundinaceum<br />
(E) Predominantly flowers in tree canopies<br />
Musk Lorikeet<br />
Glossopsitta concinna<br />
Purple-crowned Lorikeet<br />
Glossopsitta porphyrocephala<br />
2. Species feeding predominantly on insects in trees and shrubs<br />
(A) Predominantly insects in tree canopies (outer leaves and small<br />
branches)<br />
Striated Thornbill<br />
Acanthiza lineata<br />
Horsfield’s Bronze-Cuckoo<br />
Chrysococcyx basalis<br />
Grey Shrike-thrush<br />
Colluricincla harmonica<br />
Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike<br />
Coracina novaehollandiae<br />
Fan-tailed Cuckoo<br />
Cacomantis flabelliformis<br />
White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike<br />
Coracina papuensis<br />
Crested Shrike-tit<br />
Falcunculus frontatus<br />
White-winged Triller<br />
Lalage sueurii<br />
Golden Whistler<br />
Pachycephala pectoralis<br />
Rufous Whistler<br />
Pachycephala rufiventris<br />
Spotted Pardalote<br />
Pardalotus punctatus<br />
Striated Pardalote<br />
Pardalotus striatus<br />
Grey Fantail<br />
Rhipidura fuliginosa<br />
Weebill<br />
Smicrornis brevirostris<br />
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
E<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
R<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C
37<br />
BIRD GROUPS STATUS<br />
(B) Predominantly small insects on tree trunks and large limbs<br />
Brown Treecreeper<br />
Climacteris picumnus<br />
White-throated Treecreeper<br />
Cormobates leucophaeus<br />
Varied Sittella<br />
Daphoenositta chyrosptera<br />
3. Species feeding predominantly on or near the ground among<br />
shrub cover<br />
(A) Predominantly small insects<br />
Brown Thornbill<br />
Acanthiza pusilla<br />
Eastern Yellow Robin<br />
Eopsaltria australis<br />
Superb Fairy-wren<br />
Malurus cyaneus<br />
White-browed Scrubwren<br />
Sericornis frontalis<br />
Southern Emu-wren<br />
Stipiturus malachurus<br />
* Common Blackbird<br />
Turdus merula<br />
(B) Feeding on seeds<br />
Emu<br />
Dromaius novaehollandiae<br />
Red-browed Finch<br />
Neochmia temporalis<br />
Common Bronzewing<br />
Phaps chalcoptera<br />
Brush Bronzewing<br />
Phaps elegans<br />
4. Species feeding on open ground under tree cover<br />
(A) Feeding on insects<br />
Buff-rumped Thornbill<br />
Acanthiza reguloides<br />
White-winged Chough (+ bulbs)<br />
Corcorax melanorhamphos<br />
Hooded Robin<br />
Melanodryas culcullata<br />
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
R<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C
38<br />
BIRD GROUPS STATUS<br />
Restless Fly catcher<br />
Myiagra inquieta<br />
Scarlet Robin<br />
Petroica multicolor<br />
White-browed Babbler<br />
Pomatostomus superciliosus<br />
Willie Wagtail<br />
Rhipidura leucophrys<br />
(B) Feeding on small vertebrates<br />
Laughing Kookaburra<br />
Dacelo novaeguineae<br />
Sacred Kingfisher<br />
Todiramphus sancta<br />
5. Species feeding on open ground (away from shrub cover)<br />
(A) Feeding predominantly on large insects and small vertebrates<br />
Australian Raven<br />
Corvus coronoides<br />
Little Raven<br />
Corvus mellori<br />
Forest Raven<br />
Corvus tasmanicus<br />
Australian Magpie<br />
Gymnorhina tibicen<br />
(B) Feeding predominantly on seeds, bulbs and small insects<br />
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo<br />
Cacatua galerita<br />
Galah<br />
Cacatua roseicapilla<br />
Little Corella<br />
Cacatua sanguinea<br />
Long-billed Corella<br />
Cacatua tenuirostris<br />
European Goldfinch<br />
Carduelis carduelis<br />
Peaceful Dove<br />
Geopelia striata<br />
Blue-winged Parrot<br />
Neophema chrysostoma<br />
Red-rumped Parrot<br />
Psephotus haematonotus<br />
(C) Feeding predominantly on insects<br />
Yellow-rumped Thornbill<br />
Acanthiza chrysorrhoa<br />
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
V<br />
C<br />
C
39<br />
BIRD GROUPS STATUS<br />
Richard’s Pipit<br />
Anthus novaeseelandiae<br />
Magpie-lark<br />
Grallina cyanoleuca<br />
Jacky Winter<br />
Microeca fascinans<br />
Common Starling<br />
Sturnus vulgaris<br />
6. Aerial Predatory Species<br />
(A) Diurnal species which feed on vertebrates<br />
Collared Sparrowhawk<br />
Accipiter cirrhocephalus<br />
Brown Goshawk<br />
Accipiter fasciatus<br />
Wedge-tailed Eagle<br />
Aquila audax<br />
Brown Falcon<br />
Falco berigora<br />
Nankeen Kestrel<br />
Falco cenchroides<br />
Whistling Kite<br />
Haliastur sphenurus<br />
(B) Aerial Insectivores<br />
Dusky Woodswallow<br />
Artamus cyanopterus<br />
White-throated Needletail<br />
Hirundapus caudacutus<br />
Welcome Swallow<br />
Hirundo neoxena<br />
Tree Martin<br />
Hirundo nigricans<br />
(C) Nocturnal Insectivores<br />
Southern Boobook<br />
Ninox novaeseelandiae<br />
Tawny Frogmouth<br />
Podargus strigoides<br />
7. Birds dependent on wetlands (Waterbirds)<br />
(A) Feeding in shallow water or open grassy woodland<br />
Australian Shelduck<br />
Tadorna tadornoides<br />
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C<br />
C
Status of species in South Australia under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 –<br />
Schedules 7,8 and 9 are shown as :<br />
E = Endangered Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if<br />
the causal factors continue operating.<br />
40<br />
V = Vulnerable Taxa believed likely to move into endangered category in the<br />
near future if causal factors continue operating.<br />
R = Rare Taxa with small populations in South Australia that are not at<br />
present endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk.<br />
C = Common The category of greatest abundance; relatively numerous<br />
generally, locally and/or seasonally. (Local abundance applies<br />
to species with restricted distribution).<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
TABLE 3<br />
41<br />
MAMMAL SPECIES RECORDED FOR THE COMAUM NATIVE FOREST RESERVES<br />
Scientific Name Common Name Conservation<br />
Significance<br />
Antechinus flavipes Yellow-footed Antechinus C<br />
Macropus fuliginosus Western Grey Kangaroo C<br />
Macropus giganteus Eastern Grey Kangaroo R<br />
Macropus rufogriseus Red-necked Wallaby R<br />
*Mus domesticus House mouse -<br />
*Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit -<br />
Petaurus breviceps Sugar Glider R<br />
Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail C<br />
Rattus fuscipes Bush Rat C<br />
Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna C<br />
Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail C<br />
Vombatus ursinus Common Wombat R<br />
*Vulpes vulpes Fox -<br />
* = Introduction<br />
Status of species in South Australia under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 –<br />
Schedules 7, 8 and 9 are shown as :<br />
R = Rare<br />
C = Common<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
TABLE 4<br />
42<br />
REPTILE SPECIES RECORDED FOR THE COMAUM NATIVE FOREST RESERVES<br />
Scientific Name Common Name<br />
Bassiana duperreyi<br />
Lerista bougainvillii<br />
Notechis scutatus<br />
Pseudomoia entrecasteauxii<br />
Pseudonaja textilis<br />
Tiliqua rugosa<br />
Tiliqua scincoides<br />
TABLE 5<br />
Skink<br />
Skink<br />
Tiger Snake<br />
Skink<br />
Eastern Brown Snake<br />
Shingle-back<br />
Eastern blue-tongued lizard<br />
AMPHIBIAN SPECIES RECORDED FOR THE COMAUM NATIVE FOREST RESERVES<br />
Scientific Name Common Name<br />
Crinia signifera<br />
Limnodynastes dumerili<br />
Limnodynastes tasmaniensis<br />
Neobatrachus pictus<br />
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
Brown Froglet<br />
Bull Frog<br />
Marbled Frog<br />
Burrowing Frog
7. APPENDICES<br />
APPENDIX I<br />
FORESTRYSA – Community Forestry – Legislation and Policy<br />
43<br />
The management actions proposed in Section 5 of this plan are supported by Regulations<br />
under the Acts, and guidelines from the Policies in the following list.<br />
Forestry Act 1950<br />
National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972<br />
Country Fires Act 1989<br />
Native Vegetation Act 1991<br />
<strong>ForestrySA</strong> Policy Name Policy Number<br />
Corporate - Community Use CF – C1<br />
- Law enforcement CF – C4<br />
- Information Signs CF – C5<br />
Recreation - Day Visitors CF – R2<br />
- Camping CF – R4<br />
- Orienteering & Rogaining CF – R6<br />
- Pets in the Forest CF – R7<br />
- Horse riding in SE Forests CF – R9<br />
- Bicycling CF – R10<br />
- Public Vehicle Access CF – R11<br />
- Policy for Motor Sport CF – R12<br />
- Cave Exploration CF – R14<br />
- Policy on Military Exercises CF – R15<br />
- Public Events Policy CF – R16<br />
Native Forest Management - Native Forest Management CF – NF1- Pending<br />
- Prescribed Burning CF – NF2<br />
- Seed collection CF -- NF4 - Pending<br />
Final Plan – August 2001
APPENDIX II<br />
44<br />
PRESCRIPTED BURNING SCHEDULE FOR THE COMAUM NATIVE FOREST<br />
RESERVES.<br />
Wombat Flat<br />
NFR<br />
<strong>Comaum</strong><br />
NFR<br />
Boolara<br />
NFR<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C<br />
D<br />
E<br />
F<br />
G<br />
H<br />
J<br />
K<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C<br />
D<br />
E<br />
F<br />
G<br />
H<br />
J<br />
K<br />
L<br />
M<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C<br />
D<br />
E<br />
F<br />
G<br />
H<br />
J<br />
K<br />
L<br />
M<br />
Final Plan – August 2001<br />
Burn opportunistically and more frequently to reduce exotic grass<br />
and other species.<br />
2001-Spring, low intensity to minimise impact on existing tree<br />
regeneration and provide varied successional stage compared<br />
with the adjacent Glenroy Conservation Park. Consult with<br />
neighbour to the east.<br />
Reserved from burning, contains Red gum association.<br />
2001-Spring, to meet policy objectives.<br />
2005-Autumn, to meet policy objectives.<br />
Reserved from burning, contains Blue & Manna gum associations.<br />
Reserved from burning, contains a range of vegetation<br />
associations and provides a core area for fauna refuge and<br />
recruitment.<br />
2004-Autumn, to meet policy objectives.<br />
2002-Spring, to meet policy objectives.<br />
L,M,N – No burning for plan duration<br />
Reserved from burning, contains Swamp gum association.<br />
As for A.<br />
2003-Spring, to meet policy objectives.<br />
2001-Spring, 2005- Autumn, reduced interval burning to monitor<br />
effects on floral composition and structure.<br />
No burning for plan duration.<br />
2001-Autumn, to meet policy objectives.<br />
No burning for plan duration.<br />
2005- Autumn, to meet policy objectives.<br />
Reserved from burning, contains various associations.<br />
As for J, and because of prior long term fire free status.<br />
2003-Autumn, to meet policy objectives.<br />
As for J.<br />
2005-Autumn, to meet policy objectives.<br />
2002-Spring, to meet policy objectives, take reasonable care to<br />
exclude fire from Pink gum areas in this compartment.<br />
2003-Spring, to meet policy objectives, with qualification as for B.<br />
2004-Spring, to meet policy objectives, low intensity burn in<br />
those parts with Blue and Pink gum associations.<br />
No burning for plan duration.<br />
2002-Autumn, to meet policy objectives.<br />
Reserved from burning, Manna gum over heath.<br />
2002-Spring, to meet policy objectives.<br />
Reserved from burning, to preserve long term fire free status.<br />
As for G.<br />
2001-Autumn, to monitor heath species regeneration.<br />
2005-Autumn, to meet policy objectives.
REFERENCES<br />
Boardman, R (1999) Unpublished report. Woods and Forests Department<br />
45<br />
Tindale, N B (1974) Aboriginal Tribes of Australia. Their Terrain, Environment Controls,<br />
Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. (Australian National University Press, Canberra.)<br />
Tyler, M J, Twidale, C R, Ling, J K, and Holmes, J W (1983) Eds. Natural History of the<br />
South East. (Roy. Soc. S.A. (Inc) 237pp).<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
This plan has been prepared by <strong>ForestrySA</strong> staff. Principal authors B.R. Grigg<br />
and B.C. Gepp, with contributions from R. Boardman, L. Kettle and D. Kloeden.<br />
Final Plan – August 2001