i Parkia biglobosa - School of Forest Resources & Environmental ...

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oil the zuini for fourteen hours or more. Women’s labor is concentrated on weeding, farming, and harvesting during the months of September, October, and November leaving little time for collecting firewood. However, soybeans and soybean dawadawa were available throughout the year. The soybeans only require enough wood to boil the seeds for two hours to prepare soy dawadawa. Seasonality, the time when resources are available, has a major effect on the production of dawadawa. Latunde-Dada (1997) studying fermented foods and cottage industries in Nigeria found the locust bean seasonality caused the production bottleneck. P. biglobosa trees are not managed in large orchards. The supply of seeds depends on scattered individually owned trees that only produce once a year and therefore are an unreliable source of seeds for industry. He suggested soybeans could be substituted and scaled-up to larger industrial manufacturing. Adoption of soybeans in Nigeria Adoption of new crops and foods are dependent on relevant knowledge, the amount of risk involved, and the potential benefits. A few innovative farmers in Kandiga were testing introduced varieties of groundnuts anticipating increased benefits and profits. I observed a few varieties of groundnuts different from the main variety, which had small seeds and a pale pink testa. One variety had a maroon red testa referred to as ‘Nigerian’, quite large and robust seed. In another variety the testa had a red and white marbled pattern that people referred to as the ‘agric’ variety. A study by Shannon and Kalala (1994) examined production and utilization of soybeans to determine if adoption of this crop would take place in Sub-Saharan Africa. Approximately 50% of the farmers ranked soybean first or second in importance of local 86
legumes. This study took place in Nigeria and Zaire in 1987. The researchers found that soybean production and utilization had increased from the previous three years. Shannon and Kalala concluded that low-resource farmers were readily adopting the crop and modifying the soybean for traditional uses. A case study for adoption and social impact of soybean in Nigeria’s southern Guinea Savanna can be a model or template for northern Ghana. Sanginga et al (1999) surveyed 203 households in Benue State to determine the level of adoption of soybean using social impact assessment (SIA). The results showed soybean adoption rates rose from 9% of farmers in 1989 to 75% in 1997. The high adoption rates are attributed to improved material welfare, household income generation, and human capital development. This study also showed that soybeans were an acceptable substitute in traditional foods. Virtually all the farmers used soybean dawadawa, 90% used soybean akpupa, a steamed bean flour cake, and 60% used soybean akwese, fried bean cakes. Innovative soybean utilization, such as soymilk, and a local ‘tofu’ were moderately adopted at 25% utilization. “Onions Are My Husband” is a common phrase used by Ghanaian market women and used as a title for a book describing women traders in Ghana by Gracia Clark (1994). This phrase encapsulates the income, benefits, and relative security that trading goods offers in Ghana. Nigerian women are now calling “Soybeans are my second husband” because it helps to pay school fees and medical bills (Future Harvest 2001). I can only approximate the effect of the introduction of soybean cultivation to Kandiga and Ghana. Interviewing MoFA agents, the best estimates are in the 1980s. During this study, I 87
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Parkia biglobosa: CHANGES IN RESOUR
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PREFACE This study was done between
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Plasteri
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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the CCFI program. The nursery provi
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local farmers had previously placed
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shipped from West Africa to the Ame
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equired targets for the meat proces
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Figure 2 - Map of Africa (http://ww
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Kandiga, Upper East Region My Peace
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Chapter 3 Study Area This section w
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Within Ghana, there are several eco
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Farming Systems The traditional far
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Food preparation, cooking, eating,
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many years that plagued Sub Saharan
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permission not only from Kandiga’
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landholder must grant permission fo
Page 35 and 36: announcements and newspaper article
Page 37 and 38: living among them. The longer I liv
Page 39 and 40: dawadawa. Often this informal inter
Page 41 and 42: “Which do you prefer the real daw
Page 43 and 44: The information I gathered in Ghana
Page 45 and 46: Common names are African Locust Bea
Page 47 and 48: The compound inflorescence is a rac
Page 49 and 50: observed several baboons in the par
Page 51 and 52: the effect of moisture and nitrogen
Page 53 and 54: Traditional Uses for Parkia biglobo
Page 55 and 56: infections, wounds, and fever the b
Page 57 and 58: compared the nutritional value to o
Page 59 and 60: used as flour to make into porridge
Page 61 and 62: Figure 15 - Nuha nua and pepper pla
Page 63 and 64: Zuini Seeds Boil in water for 14 ho
Page 65 and 66: The process of producing soybean da
Page 67 and 68: Based on my interview with the whol
Page 69 and 70: dawadawa (Campbell-Platt 1980). In
Page 71 and 72: The result of fermentation increase
Page 73 and 74: Natural Regeneration of Parkia bigl
Page 75 and 76: Tree planting and afforestation in
Page 77 and 78: and the first rains, livestock are
Page 79 and 80: History of Soybeans Chapter 6 Soybe
Page 81 and 82: Colonials and missionaries in the 1
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 7 Results and Discussion In
Page 85: the zuini when the market is brimmi
Page 89 and 90: ICRAF 2000, Bakang and Garforth 199
Page 91 and 92: them. These farmers recognized, bas
Page 93 and 94: fuelwood trees planted on their lan
Page 95 and 96: are some of the illness that are tr
Page 97 and 98: may replace P. biglobosa seeds as r
Page 99 and 100: Booth, F.E.M., Wickens, G.E. 1988.
Page 101 and 102: Kotey, N.A. Francois, J., Owusu, J.
Page 103 and 104: Timbilla, J.A., Braimah. H. 1994. A
Page 105 and 106: SOY DAWADAWA (Women Farmers Extensi
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