i Parkia biglobosa - School of Forest Resources & Environmental ...
i Parkia biglobosa - School of Forest Resources & Environmental ... i Parkia biglobosa - School of Forest Resources & Environmental ...
numbers are threatened as natural resources are depleted and people are suffering from their poor economic situation. Currently, farmers do not actively plant P. biglobosa trees, therefore regeneration must be carried out by natural means. Livestock, fire, and humans are all factors that limit the success of natural regeneration. The Upper East Region supports a large percentage, as much as 30% of Ghana’s livestock: cattle, sheep, and goats. Livestock are maintained is this region since tsetse flies are absent. A main constraint to cattle production in south central Ghana is the prevalance of trypanosomosis disease transmitted by the tsetse fly (Hendrickx et al 1999). Consequently, more and more farmers in the Upper East region are relying on raising livestock as a means of increasing their wealth (Figure 24). For example, one of Figure 24 – Sheep and cattle herded by village boys the CCFI nursery workers resigned from our nursery to exclusively trade livestock from northern Ghana to Kumasi and Accra in the south. Livestock have a great impact on limited local resources. During the farming season, especially at the beginning in June 76
and the first rains, livestock are tied, pegged, or herded by small children to prevent them from eating the young, emerging crops. After the rainy season, the livestock are left to freely graze and browse for whatever food they can find. Any small tree seedlings that naturally regenerated are potential fodder for the free-ranging livestock. Working as an agroforestry extensionist in Kandiga, I observed any tree seedlings left unprotected by thorn fences, mud walls, or bricks, were invariably eaten by livestock. Tybirk (1991) observed that livestock and ruminants are the most common agent of seed dispersal for P. biglobosa, however, the effect of free grazing by livestock can be deleterious to naturally regenerated seedlings of P. biglobosa. Fires are an integral component of the farming system in northern Ghana. Farmers use fires for various reasons. Honey gatherers use smoke and fire to drive away bees and often set the snag or hollow tree on fire. Others will set fire to encroaching brush to discourage snakes. Hunters will set fires to tall grasses to flush out grasscutter, rats, and other small game meat. Historically, farmers would rotate their farmlands, allowing heavily farmed land to lay fallow, slashing and burning a new section in Figure 25 – Bush burning land to clear for agriculture 77
- Page 25 and 26: Farming Systems The traditional far
- Page 27 and 28: Food preparation, cooking, eating,
- Page 29 and 30: many years that plagued Sub Saharan
- Page 31 and 32: permission not only from Kandiga’
- Page 33 and 34: landholder must grant permission fo
- Page 35 and 36: announcements and newspaper article
- Page 37 and 38: living among them. The longer I liv
- Page 39 and 40: dawadawa. Often this informal inter
- Page 41 and 42: “Which do you prefer the real daw
- Page 43 and 44: The information I gathered in Ghana
- Page 45 and 46: Common names are African Locust Bea
- Page 47 and 48: The compound inflorescence is a rac
- Page 49 and 50: observed several baboons in the par
- Page 51 and 52: the effect of moisture and nitrogen
- Page 53 and 54: Traditional Uses for Parkia biglobo
- Page 55 and 56: infections, wounds, and fever the b
- Page 57 and 58: compared the nutritional value to o
- Page 59 and 60: used as flour to make into porridge
- Page 61 and 62: Figure 15 - Nuha nua and pepper pla
- Page 63 and 64: Zuini Seeds Boil in water for 14 ho
- Page 65 and 66: The process of producing soybean da
- Page 67 and 68: Based on my interview with the whol
- Page 69 and 70: dawadawa (Campbell-Platt 1980). In
- Page 71 and 72: The result of fermentation increase
- Page 73 and 74: Natural Regeneration of Parkia bigl
- Page 75: Tree planting and afforestation in
- Page 79 and 80: History of Soybeans Chapter 6 Soybe
- Page 81 and 82: Colonials and missionaries in the 1
- Page 83 and 84: Chapter 7 Results and Discussion In
- Page 85 and 86: the zuini when the market is brimmi
- Page 87 and 88: legumes. This study took place in N
- Page 89 and 90: ICRAF 2000, Bakang and Garforth 199
- Page 91 and 92: them. These farmers recognized, bas
- Page 93 and 94: fuelwood trees planted on their lan
- Page 95 and 96: are some of the illness that are tr
- Page 97 and 98: may replace P. biglobosa seeds as r
- Page 99 and 100: Booth, F.E.M., Wickens, G.E. 1988.
- Page 101 and 102: Kotey, N.A. Francois, J., Owusu, J.
- Page 103 and 104: Timbilla, J.A., Braimah. H. 1994. A
- Page 105 and 106: SOY DAWADAWA (Women Farmers Extensi
and the first rains, livestock are tied, pegged, or herded by small children to prevent them<br />
from eating the young, emerging crops. After the rainy season, the livestock are left to<br />
freely graze and browse for whatever food they can find. Any small tree seedlings that<br />
naturally regenerated are potential fodder for the free-ranging livestock. Working as an<br />
agr<strong>of</strong>orestry extensionist in Kandiga, I observed any tree seedlings left unprotected by<br />
thorn fences, mud walls, or bricks, were invariably eaten by livestock. Tybirk (1991)<br />
observed that livestock and ruminants are the most common agent <strong>of</strong> seed dispersal for P.<br />
<strong>biglobosa</strong>, however, the effect <strong>of</strong> free grazing by livestock can be deleterious to naturally<br />
regenerated seedlings <strong>of</strong> P. <strong>biglobosa</strong>.<br />
Fires are an integral component <strong>of</strong> the farming system in northern Ghana.<br />
Farmers use fires for various reasons. Honey gatherers use smoke and fire to drive away<br />
bees and <strong>of</strong>ten set the snag or hollow tree on fire. Others will set fire to encroaching<br />
brush to discourage snakes. Hunters will set fires to tall grasses to flush out grasscutter,<br />
rats, and other small game meat. Historically, farmers would rotate their farmlands,<br />
allowing heavily farmed land to lay fallow, slashing and burning a new section in<br />
Figure 25 – Bush burning land to clear for agriculture<br />
77
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