i Parkia biglobosa - School of Forest Resources & Environmental ...
i Parkia biglobosa - School of Forest Resources & Environmental ... i Parkia biglobosa - School of Forest Resources & Environmental ...
prolonged contact with water, chewing or ruminating by animals mechanically scarifying the seed coat, contact with digestive juices, and fire can break the seed coat. To propagate seedlings, the seed coat can be pretreated in various ways to encourage germination. Soaking seeds in hot water, treating seeds for up to 15 minutes with sulphuric, hydrochloric, or nitric acid, and mechanical scarification all produced good germination rates, up to 80% (Hall et al 1997). Seed Dispersal, Vegetative Propagation, and Nursery Seedlings Seed dispersal is primarily accomplished through larger ruminants and primates. Antelopes, cattle, sheep, and goats are attracted to the nutritious pulp and feed on the pods. The seeds are then digested and dispersed. Baboons, monkeys, and chimpanzees also feed on the fruit and act as agents of dispersal. The feeding by primates can be more selective and seeds are often spat out rather than passed through the gut (Campbell-Platt 1980, Hopkins 1983). Parkia biglobosa trees readily coppice after cutting. Shoots and root suckers arise from a stump. Mature trees cut back to 50 cm above the ground, produce new shoots after one week. P. biglobosa is often used as a fodder source; branches are cut and fed to livestock. The tree’s coppicing ability can continually produce biomass with a cutting interval of sixteen to twenty four weeks without reduction in leaf nutritional value. Roots arising from stem cuttings are undependable and not a reliable means of vegetative propagation (Hall et al 1997). Focus on P. biglobosa as a desirable species for rehabilitating arid savanna lands has produced interest in effective nursery seedling propagation. Awodola (1995) studied 50
the effect of moisture and nitrogen application on the growth of P. biglobosa seedlings and found the supply of nitrogen had little effect. Moisture applied at regular four-day intervals significantly increased shoot weight and leaf area. In northern Ghana, many of CCFI (Collaborative Community Forestry Initiative) nurseries, including Kandiga CCFI nursery, are producing seedlings by soaking the seeds before sowing and watering every two to three days. Root Characteristics Tree establishment in the semi-arid, sub-humid zone of Africa, relies on rapid and extensive root development with the short rainy season. Tomlinson et al (1997) investigated the pattern of root distribution for P. biglobosa in Burkina Faso. The results showed the roots were distributed over a wide area, at least ten meters from the trunk, with an average crown radius of seven meters, the area exploited by roots are twice that of the crown. The highest density of roots occurred at a depth of ten to twenty centimeters. The results showed that P. biglobosa’s root distribution is complementary and non-competitive with traditional local crops. Distribution P. biglobosa has a wide distribution ranging across the Sudan and Guinea savanna ecological zones. The range extends from the western coast of Africa in Senegal across to Sudan (Figure 11). P. biglobosa is found in nineteen African countries: Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Zaire, Sudan, 51
- Page 1 and 2: Parkia biglobosa: CHANGES IN RESOUR
- Page 3 and 4: PREFACE This study was done between
- Page 5 and 6: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Plasteri
- Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
- Page 9 and 10: the CCFI program. The nursery provi
- Page 11 and 12: local farmers had previously placed
- Page 13 and 14: shipped from West Africa to the Ame
- Page 15 and 16: equired targets for the meat proces
- Page 17 and 18: Figure 2 - Map of Africa (http://ww
- Page 19 and 20: Kandiga, Upper East Region My Peace
- Page 21 and 22: Chapter 3 Study Area This section w
- Page 23 and 24: Within Ghana, there are several eco
- Page 25 and 26: Farming Systems The traditional far
- Page 27 and 28: Food preparation, cooking, eating,
- Page 29 and 30: many years that plagued Sub Saharan
- Page 31 and 32: permission not only from Kandiga’
- Page 33 and 34: landholder must grant permission fo
- Page 35 and 36: announcements and newspaper article
- Page 37 and 38: living among them. The longer I liv
- Page 39 and 40: dawadawa. Often this informal inter
- Page 41 and 42: “Which do you prefer the real daw
- Page 43 and 44: The information I gathered in Ghana
- Page 45 and 46: Common names are African Locust Bea
- Page 47 and 48: The compound inflorescence is a rac
- Page 49: observed several baboons in the par
- Page 53 and 54: Traditional Uses for Parkia biglobo
- Page 55 and 56: infections, wounds, and fever the b
- Page 57 and 58: compared the nutritional value to o
- Page 59 and 60: used as flour to make into porridge
- Page 61 and 62: Figure 15 - Nuha nua and pepper pla
- Page 63 and 64: Zuini Seeds Boil in water for 14 ho
- Page 65 and 66: The process of producing soybean da
- Page 67 and 68: Based on my interview with the whol
- Page 69 and 70: dawadawa (Campbell-Platt 1980). In
- Page 71 and 72: The result of fermentation increase
- Page 73 and 74: Natural Regeneration of Parkia bigl
- Page 75 and 76: Tree planting and afforestation in
- Page 77 and 78: and the first rains, livestock are
- Page 79 and 80: History of Soybeans Chapter 6 Soybe
- Page 81 and 82: Colonials and missionaries in the 1
- Page 83 and 84: Chapter 7 Results and Discussion In
- Page 85 and 86: the zuini when the market is brimmi
- Page 87 and 88: legumes. This study took place in N
- Page 89 and 90: ICRAF 2000, Bakang and Garforth 199
- Page 91 and 92: them. These farmers recognized, bas
- Page 93 and 94: fuelwood trees planted on their lan
- Page 95 and 96: are some of the illness that are tr
- Page 97 and 98: may replace P. biglobosa seeds as r
- Page 99 and 100: Booth, F.E.M., Wickens, G.E. 1988.
the effect <strong>of</strong> moisture and nitrogen application on the growth <strong>of</strong> P. <strong>biglobosa</strong> seedlings<br />
and found the supply <strong>of</strong> nitrogen had little effect. Moisture applied at regular four-day<br />
intervals significantly increased shoot weight and leaf area. In northern Ghana, many <strong>of</strong><br />
CCFI (Collaborative Community <strong>Forest</strong>ry Initiative) nurseries, including Kandiga CCFI<br />
nursery, are producing seedlings by soaking the seeds before sowing and watering every<br />
two to three days.<br />
Root Characteristics<br />
Tree establishment in the semi-arid, sub-humid zone <strong>of</strong> Africa, relies on rapid and<br />
extensive root development with the short rainy season. Tomlinson et al (1997)<br />
investigated the pattern <strong>of</strong> root distribution for P. <strong>biglobosa</strong> in Burkina Faso. The results<br />
showed the roots were distributed over a wide area, at least ten meters from the trunk,<br />
with an average crown radius <strong>of</strong> seven meters, the area exploited by roots are twice that<br />
<strong>of</strong> the crown. The highest density <strong>of</strong> roots occurred at a depth <strong>of</strong> ten to twenty<br />
centimeters. The results showed that P. <strong>biglobosa</strong>’s root distribution is complementary<br />
and non-competitive with traditional local crops.<br />
Distribution<br />
P. <strong>biglobosa</strong> has a wide distribution ranging across the Sudan and Guinea savanna<br />
ecological zones. The range extends from the western coast <strong>of</strong> Africa in Senegal across<br />
to Sudan (Figure 11). P. <strong>biglobosa</strong> is found in nineteen African countries: Senegal, The<br />
Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana,<br />
Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Zaire, Sudan,<br />
51
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