i Parkia biglobosa - School of Forest Resources & Environmental ...

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Inflorescence and Flowers The distinctive large bright red globes or inflorescence of P. biglobosa are seen blooming from December through February. The inflorescence or capitulum is composed of up to 2500 individual flowers arranged around a spherical bud. The capitulum measures 45 – 70 mm long and 35 – 60 mm in diameter. The mature capitulum is divided into two distinct parts, a large apical ball and a constricted basal portion attached to a strong flexible peduncle (Figure 9). The apical ball is composed of elongated hermaphroditic, fertile flowers. As the capitulum is pendant, the basal portion is uppermost and composed of modified male and neuter flowers. Several of these basal flowers secrete nectar while the remaining flowers are staminodial, that is male flowers with stamens bearing pollen. The nectar secreting flowers form a cylinder at the basal portion of the capitulum. The fertile flowers are approximately 15 mm long, with anthers measuring 1.0 – 1.5 mm long and the staminodial flowers measure approximately 6-7 mm. (Hopkins, 1983) Figure 9 - Shape and structure of capitulum of P. biglobosa 46
The compound inflorescence is a raceme bearing approximately ten capitula. The capitula are arranged on alternate peduncles. This raceme is woody and leafless, measuring 30 cm in length and arranged at the edges of the broad canopy. The tree has dropped most or all of the leaves during flowering. The flushing of leaves comes as the fruit begins to develop between February and April. The compound leaves are divided up to seventeen pairs of pinnae. The leaflets measure 8 – 30 mm in length and 2 – 8 mm in width. 13 – 60 pairs of leaflets are arranged subopposite on the pinnae (Figure 10) (Hopkins 1983). Figure 10 – P. biglobosa capitula and leaves 47
Page 1 and 2: Parkia biglobosa: CHANGES IN RESOUR
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE This study was done between
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Plasteri
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 9 and 10: the CCFI program. The nursery provi
Page 11 and 12: local farmers had previously placed
Page 13 and 14: shipped from West Africa to the Ame
Page 15 and 16: equired targets for the meat proces
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2 - Map of Africa (http://ww
Page 19 and 20: Kandiga, Upper East Region My Peace
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 3 Study Area This section w
Page 23 and 24: Within Ghana, there are several eco
Page 25 and 26: Farming Systems The traditional far
Page 27 and 28: Food preparation, cooking, eating,
Page 29 and 30: many years that plagued Sub Saharan
Page 31 and 32: permission not only from Kandiga’
Page 33 and 34: landholder must grant permission fo
Page 35 and 36: announcements and newspaper article
Page 37 and 38: living among them. The longer I liv
Page 39 and 40: dawadawa. Often this informal inter
Page 41 and 42: “Which do you prefer the real daw
Page 43 and 44: The information I gathered in Ghana
Page 45: Common names are African Locust Bea
Page 49 and 50: observed several baboons in the par
Page 51 and 52: the effect of moisture and nitrogen
Page 53 and 54: Traditional Uses for Parkia biglobo
Page 55 and 56: infections, wounds, and fever the b
Page 57 and 58: compared the nutritional value to o
Page 59 and 60: used as flour to make into porridge
Page 61 and 62: Figure 15 - Nuha nua and pepper pla
Page 63 and 64: Zuini Seeds Boil in water for 14 ho
Page 65 and 66: The process of producing soybean da
Page 67 and 68: Based on my interview with the whol
Page 69 and 70: dawadawa (Campbell-Platt 1980). In
Page 71 and 72: The result of fermentation increase
Page 73 and 74: Natural Regeneration of Parkia bigl
Page 75 and 76: Tree planting and afforestation in
Page 77 and 78: and the first rains, livestock are
Page 79 and 80: History of Soybeans Chapter 6 Soybe
Page 81 and 82: Colonials and missionaries in the 1
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 7 Results and Discussion In
Page 85 and 86: the zuini when the market is brimmi
Page 87 and 88: legumes. This study took place in N
Page 89 and 90: ICRAF 2000, Bakang and Garforth 199
Page 91 and 92: them. These farmers recognized, bas
Page 93 and 94: fuelwood trees planted on their lan
Page 95 and 96: are some of the illness that are tr
Page 97 and 98:
may replace P. biglobosa seeds as r
Page 99 and 100:
Booth, F.E.M., Wickens, G.E. 1988.
Page 101 and 102:
Kotey, N.A. Francois, J., Owusu, J.
Page 103 and 104:
Timbilla, J.A., Braimah. H. 1994. A
Page 105 and 106:
SOY DAWADAWA (Women Farmers Extensi
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