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Working with Older Volunteers in Manual Intergenerational Projects Meals In an international context, shared meals offer many possibilities of observing differences regarding time of day, extent and effort, but also in terms of certain components, e.g. a glass of wine at lunchtime, which is essential in some regions, while only served on festive occasions in others. Hospitality Hospitality is of great value in many cultures. Ample service and good accommodation are seen as particularly important. In general, hospitable behaviour should occur on a mutual basis. In this case it is appropriate to bring gifts or to invite guests to a return visit. Gifts The exchange of gifts plays an important role in many cultures and reflects the quality of social relationships. Small gifts are a part of private as well as business life. As guest or host it is always helpful to have a gift at hand in order to be able to react to received gifts. Family and job The role of the family and relatives differs greatly in various countries. The family bond, often strengthened by joint celebrations, is frequently regarded as the major priority compared to other commitments. This set of values is often unknown in those cultures, which focus on work and career. Work In many countries family commitments, e.g. attendance at family celebrations, are more important than job obligations. Cultivating social relationships has the highest priority here, while loyalty towards the employer or third parties is regarded equally, if not more important in other countries. Collective or individual While cultures in Northern or Central Europe are generally more characterised by individualism, other countries focus more on the community. The desires of the individual frequently comply with what is considered best for the whole family or group. The suspected suppression, frequently expressed by outsiders, isn’t always justified, since self interests are often voluntarily or even willingly set aside, because the principal of acting for the well-being of the whole group is generally agreed upon. Hierarchy Social hierarchies differ drastically. Authorities or authoritative figures often differ from the ones known in one’s own culture. In many countries respect for the elderly or for professional superiors is significant. Respect is frequently demonstrated by dismissing negative issues or by not directly addressing them, while this might not be regarded as a problem elsewhere. Furthermore, it is sometimes unusual to show initiative in the presence of a superior in order to remain polite. Instead, people await further instructions. Set of Methods 167
<strong>TRAMP</strong> – Transnational Mobility of Older People in Europe 168 Part II Religion The importance of religious ideas and behavioural standards vary. In some regions it might be considered extremely impolite not to adapt to certain standards, for instance with regard to wearing head-dress, long trousers or long skirts etc. in churches or other religious institutions. Gender relationships are strictly regulated in many cultures. This is based on the assumption that unregulated contacts endanger the order of society. This often results in a strict division of labour or a ban on physical contact between the sexes, apart from relatives. These ideas don’t necessarily coincide only with Islamic cultures, to a certain extent they also exist in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean. Dealing with authorities and other institutions The interaction with authorities and other public institutions can vary considerably from one region to another. For historical reasons, government, regional or municipal institutions are sometimes associated with control or suppression, which can result in an overall distrust towards these institutions. Elsewhere this is of no importance. Conflict management In many cultures it is an essential rule to maintain harmony and to avoid conflicts. This often involves keeping up appearances, giving the impression that everything is fine. Problems are therefore solved either by the individuals themselves or with the help of persons close to them. In other regions, however, conflicts are regarded as a natural part of communication and problems are addressed in a direct and open manner. Understanding of time Cultures differ greatly in their <strong>und</strong>erstanding of time. While for e.g. Germans usually tend to adhere to strict time schedules, other counters allow for a much broader interpretation of time. For instance, it may be considered impolite to show up at the agreed time rather than one or two hours later. The confident handling of time often reflects the socially accepted value that life should not be dictated by a time schedule or clock.
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Acknowledgement The text of this pu
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Part II Set of Methods Chapter 1 De
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Foreword At a workshop in Prague, a
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Working with Older Volunteers in Ma
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Products and results • • •
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The objective of the evaluation was
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Four exchanges were conducted withi
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4. Intercultural Learning Working w
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Homepage of the TRAMP database Work
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• • Working with Older Voluntee
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Preface - About this guideline Topi
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• Working with Older Volunteers i
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Topic language and culture 1. Langu
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7. Domestic Situation Working with
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Manual work as a Means of Education
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Language / Communication Working wi
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Intercultural Learning Working with
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Preface “Methods” There are man
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Methods of Planning Process Plannin
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Page 122 and 123: General Conditions • • • •
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Page 178 and 179: European exchanges by and for older
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