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aspect of some persons face at some point in the interaction is then, as several scholars have noted, hugely complex. Cultural variation aside then (see Chapters 1 and 2), the analysis of discourse per se has become a complex array of issues. There have been attempts to develop more discreet readings of facework in discourse, sensitive to nuances in actual discourse practices missed by the positive-negative, speaker-hearer based framework. This has led to alternative terminologies such as personal and interpersonal face (Arndt and Janney 1987), the refinement of the concept of positive face to arrive at a tripartite conceptualisation of autonomy, approval, and competence aspects of face (Lim and Bowers 1991), the inclusion of an intimate aspect of face in the form of social, relational, relationship face (Cupach and Metts 1994), the inclusion of a more collective nuance such as mutual face (Ting-Toomey 1988), as well as highlighting the orientation of discourse to non-present third party's face (e. g. Shimanoff 1987)4. These studies have each posited preliminary interpretive schema - usually in the form of typologies of utterances. The basic tenets of positive and negative face remain however largely in place and underlie the majority of attempted recastings or developments of the facework as politeness framework. This multifunctionality of the 'utterance' becomes further complicated when one moves out from facework as an issue of encoding specific utterances, to consider the more diffuse and indeterminate flow of interaction that is naturally occurring ongoing conversation. The analytical purchase the politeness framework does afford us in the analysis of certain specific utterances seems even less at home in this particular discourse environment. A handful of scholars have attempted to resolve this latter issue by considering not the utterance as the appropriate unit of analysis, but rather the 'episode'. This rather fuzzy discourse unit is characterised by Wood and Kroger as: ... any identifiable segment of social life, organised according to a principle of unity and having a recognizable beginning, course, and ending. The social episode is the ethogenic unit of analysis; it provides the context for the interpretation of the meaning of utterances for social- psychological purposes ... context refers to the social episode in play and its component parts: the definition of the situation, the kinds of relationships of the persons involved and the relevant rules or conventions. (Wood and Kroger 1994,256-257)5 This emphasis on the situated contingencies of facework appears to counter many of the criticisms outlined above, and echoes comments by scholars such as An
Fraser (1990) who, in also attempting to provide for a situationally sensitive framework for the analysis of politeness in ongoing talk referred to such conversational contingencies as being best conceived of as a 'conversational contract' whereby politeness can only be interpreted by considering the current context of the conversational and the relational stances one speaker is taking up vis-ä-vis another. Importantly, this switch from utterance to episode does not preclude the positive - negative conceptualisation underpinning Brown and Levinson's framework. Indeed, in probably the most comprehensive attempt to analyse facework as an episodic phenomenon, Penman (1990) develops a model of facework, based on the negative - positive conceptualisation of face. Fig. 3.1 Communicative Episodes and Face Concerns Interpretive F+ F devices COMMUNICATIVE EPISODES Face Course of Interaction As perhaps suggested by the reading of extant studies over the preceding pages, both Wood and Kroger and Penman note that, due to the inherent complexity of discourse in terms of its facework functions, even the most developed model can achieve at best a 'crude interpretavism' of how participants realise face concerns in discourse (Penman 1990). The problem of fully understanding what is Al
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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Page 41 and 42: universality, particularly in studi
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
Page 45 and 46: Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
Page 47 and 48: Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
Page 49 and 50: Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
Page 51 and 52: 1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
Page 53 and 54: facework operates on an underlying
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
Page 57 and 58: impolite. However, I soon came to r
Page 59 and 60: in potential or actual conflict sit
Page 61 and 62: salient differences. For example, G
Page 63 and 64: Watts observed that German conversa
Page 65 and 66: Finally, although Watts argued that
Page 67 and 68: elatively little overlap, and a gen
Page 69 and 70: contributions, with the former set
Page 71 and 72: fully and substantively, what was r
Page 73 and 74: oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
Page 75 and 76: 2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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Page 79 and 80: Finally, additional explanatory dim
Page 81 and 82: specific communicative practices, a
Page 83 and 84: Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
Page 85 and 86: Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
Page 87 and 88: This chapter then can be regarded a
Page 89: asic irreducible sociological varia
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Page 95 and 96: identify certain underlying dynamic
Page 97 and 98: In fact, these two opposing orienta
Page 99 and 100: at any given point in the flow of c
Page 101 and 102: orderly and meaningful conversation
Page 103 and 104: locally managed and constantly in d
Page 105 and 106: Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
Page 107 and 108: toward a clearer understanding of w
Page 109 and 110: Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
Page 111 and 112: 4.1 Research Questions In the previ
Page 113 and 114: eferring to as sociable includes in
Page 115 and 116: The decision on quantity of data wa
Page 117 and 118: largely anecdotal evidence from whi
Page 119 and 120: such as laughter sequences. I also
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
Page 123 and 124: The obtrusiveness of my recording w
Page 125 and 126: hand, I did not want to engage in t
Page 127 and 128: German. However, these episodes asi
Page 129 and 130: presented here provides a necessary
Page 131 and 132: two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
Page 133 and 134: Hand shakes for example were infreq
Page 135 and 136: eing invariably solidaric in nature
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Page 139 and 140: Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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in my observations of German sociab
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collective past peppered with indiv
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In the next chapter I want to explo
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CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
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shall not be carried forward into t
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These various symbols are intended
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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19 EP: ' [Although I mean that [now
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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What happens in this particular exc
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To reiterate, positive threshold br
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41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
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What happens here is that KIP proff
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17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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