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Table. 1.4 Predominant Characteristics of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals. Independent Self separate from others 4 00- Interdependent Self connected to others Stable social identity Social identity contingent on context Uniqueness Fitting in with others Express personal identity Occupy proper place Work toward personal goals Esteem derived from self- Work toward group goals Esteem derived from harmonious expression (personal) behaviour (collective) Direct speech acts Direct expression of emotion Indirect speech acts Indirect expression of emotion Individual-based boundary Group-based boundary regulation regulation Independent self- / other- face Interdependent self- / other- face as primary concern as primary concern Derived from Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) An interesting observation to emerge out of these studies is the implication that the status of the self, and thus face, may not be 'fixed' at some point on a cultural continuum, but rather enjoy a more dynamic status. Rather, one or the other members of a given culture might be better perceived as possessing both individualistic and collectivist values, with one set however variously predominating or being culturally preferred over the other (Morisaki and Gudykunst 1994). For example, much of the writings addressing East-West differences suggest that the Asian concept of face does not negate the individual, surrendering the self completely to wider societal forces. Although an overly defensive orientation to one's own face is generally frowned upon in Asian cultures, concern for and attempts to protect this seem equally a concern, as in Western societies. 36
Mao (1994) addresses this tension between the autonomy of the individual and the sub-ordination of the self to wider society by drawing on two cultural ideals which shape interactional behaviour: 'ideal social identity' and 'ideal individual autonomy'. Underlying these are two competing forces: a centripetal force, where social recognition and interdependence inform behaviour, as in Asian communities; and a centrifugal force, spiralling outwards from individual desires or wants, as characteristic of Anglo-American settings. Where ideal individual autonomy is oriented to, individual's behaviour will be geared to establishing and maintaining personal territory, whilst orientation to the ideal social identity will see interactants engaging in almost total communion with other group members. Importantly, Mao argues that in interaction, I ... speakers are constantly in the process of pursuing one ideal or the other' (1994,472). In terms of cultural differences, Mao goes on to state that, although the face'orientation of cultures may differ, with one or the other orientation being privileged, and the other essentially diminished, although not precluded as '... the other'eclipsed' ideal does not always remain in the background, and it may ... be represented, in some discourse activities within the same community' (ibid., 473)'. Similarly, Ho (1976) notes that, although western treatment of face is cited frequently as being based generally on individualism, whilst Asian face is based on collectivism, and associated obligations such as reciprocity of obligations and esteem protection, the two frameworks are not mutually exclusive. As Ho (1976,883) noted, 'these two orientations need not, and should not, be regarded as mutually exclusive. Rather they are complementary. Neither, when taken alone, is capable of yielding a complete account of the total complexity of [face]. These comments on face as based on two competing dynamics seem to reflect what Scollon and Scollon (1995) referred to as a 'false dichotomy' between East and West. These latter comments are interesting in that they suggest not a dichotomous either / or reading of - in this particular case - East-West differences in the attitudes, values and behaviours, the status of the self, and face and facework in interaction, but rather a more dynamic one with both propensities present in both cultures. This is an interesting idea which, although 37
Page 1 and 2: FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
Page 3 and 4: CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
Page 5 and 6: Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
Page 7 and 8: Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
Page 11 and 12: The 'Research Problem' Introduction
Page 13 and 14: Taking these problematics as a star
Page 15 and 16: At the time, this proposal seemed e
Page 17 and 18: the self and its relationship to on
Page 19 and 20: activity of sociable conversation,
Page 21 and 22: including the application of the fa
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
Page 25 and 26: 1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
Page 27 and 28: communicative action could be seen
Page 29 and 30: Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
Page 31 and 32: distribution of his feelings, and t
Page 33 and 34: empirically difficult' phenomenon (
Page 35 and 36: etween self and other). Conversatio
Page 37 and 38: allowing in effect a speaker to cri
Page 39 and 40: as an equilibric practice, allowing
Page 41 and 42: universality, particularly in studi
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
Page 45: Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
Page 49 and 50: Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
Page 51 and 52: 1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
Page 53 and 54: facework operates on an underlying
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
Page 57 and 58: impolite. However, I soon came to r
Page 59 and 60: in potential or actual conflict sit
Page 61 and 62: salient differences. For example, G
Page 63 and 64: Watts observed that German conversa
Page 65 and 66: Finally, although Watts argued that
Page 67 and 68: elatively little overlap, and a gen
Page 69 and 70: contributions, with the former set
Page 71 and 72: fully and substantively, what was r
Page 73 and 74: oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
Page 75 and 76: 2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
Page 77 and 78: service but by more confrontational
Page 79 and 80: Finally, additional explanatory dim
Page 81 and 82: specific communicative practices, a
Page 83 and 84: Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
Page 85 and 86: Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
Page 87 and 88: This chapter then can be regarded a
Page 89 and 90: asic irreducible sociological varia
Page 91 and 92: Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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Page 95 and 96: identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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orderly and meaningful conversation
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locally managed and constantly in d
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Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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toward a clearer understanding of w
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Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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4.1 Research Questions In the previ
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eferring to as sociable includes in
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The decision on quantity of data wa
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largely anecdotal evidence from whi
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such as laughter sequences. I also
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Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
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The obtrusiveness of my recording w
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hand, I did not want to engage in t
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German. However, these episodes asi
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presented here provides a necessary
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two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
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Hand shakes for example were infreq
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eing invariably solidaric in nature
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claimed on the part of the particip
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Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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in my observations of German sociab
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collective past peppered with indiv
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In the next chapter I want to explo
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CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
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shall not be carried forward into t
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These various symbols are intended
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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19 EP: ' [Although I mean that [now
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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What happens in this particular exc
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To reiterate, positive threshold br
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41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
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What happens here is that KIP proff
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17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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