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68 come, I can only stay so long as I can get working contracts, you know, 69 and I don't even need to consider bringing my familiy over, so I'd rather go 70 to Italy and look for a job elsewhere, you know. 71 (2) 72 GB: I also think they should [only let people in who 73 HB: land 74 GB: really have a job 75 (0.5) 76 HB: You know-- 77 GB: =But that can't be [done 78 HB: [And 79 0 80 HB: and they have virtually no e:: [:::: r 81 GB: [because we because we are too [liberal we 82 HB: [Foreig- 83 GB: the( 84 HB: Already says haha= 85 GB: =everything 86 (0.5) 87 HB: they they [have no foreigners there 88 GB: [It's getting worse all the time= 89 KN: YEA::: H=l know but if you [could do this possibly regulate this 90 HB: [and 91 KN: differently ( 92 (3) 93 KN: when you want to create jobs 94 (3) 95 GB: 96 HB: Yeah (0.5) yea:: h (. ) er-- 97 GB: =again more man[ual work= 98 HB: [this is 99 HB: =1 [see the main problem in the fact when nowadays a person 100 GB: [hrn This conversation takes place between GB&HB their daughter EP, and EP's best friend KN. HB, GB, and KN regularly meet along with PN (KN's non- present husband on this particular instance but referred to by KN in the transcript as 'Peter) for 'kaffee und kuchen' ['coffee and cake'] to chat about various issues on a sociable basis. At the time of this conversation, EP was visiting Germany. The common focus of conversational attention here is 'Arbeitslosigkeit' ['Unemployment']. In this part of the episode the conversation moves froma discussion of various countries' unemployment situations before moving on to concentrate more specifically on German unemployment, at which point the question of the relationship between Germany's unemployment rates and the number of 'Auslaenders' [Foreigners'] is raised. 'Arbeitslosigkeit' as a sociable topic thus provides a pertinent conversational theme for co-present participants, particularly as the talk moves to Germany's 264
own unemployment levels -a concern which has provided the resource for much German sociable conversation since re-unification with the East in 1989. Although not failing into the category 'Arbeitslos' ['Unemployed'], the problem of 'Arbeitslosigkeit' is one of common relevance to all participants. Thus, I shall posit this particular piece of conversational activity as an example of what I classed earlier as an agoniser (see Chapter 5). This episode displays several of the features which characterise much of German sociable conversation. For instance, the way in which this topic is being handled (and is handled for the majority of its twenty minute elaboration) is in general in a serious, informed manner, whereby all participants can engage in a thoughtful and well informed discussion of a serious issue (see Chapter 5). Specifically, the second part of the transcript points to the direct relevance of unemployment figures to Germany's economy in general and those co-present - as German nationals - in particular. As with 'Cookie's Party' and 7ommy Fields', this general handling as sociable style is reliant on the conversational work done with sociable selves, in particular, those which I categorised above as German sociable selves (see table 7.1). As with my earlier consideration of English sociability, in Chapter 71 identified a set of routinely mobilised salient selves regularly drawn upon by German participants in the achievement of sociable episodes. A particularly salient category of sociable selves frequently mobilised in German sociable episodes was what I identified above (table 7.1) as agonised selves. Agonised selves are essentially angst ridden entities, and feed conversationally on specific issues or problems usually drawn in for the outside world which pose some degree of threat or source of concern for the co-present sociabilists as a collective. As sociable players, agonised selves are clearly mobilised in 'Internationale Arbeitslosigkeit'. Agonised selves, due to their grounding in commonality, allow for the positive alignment of sociable selves within or across any given episode of sociable conversation. However, also present in 'Internationale Arbeitslosigkeit' is a second category of German sociable self identified in Chapter 7, that of knowledgeable selves. Knowledgeable selves in German sociable conversation are conversationally manifest in claims 265
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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orderly and meaningful conversation
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locally managed and constantly in d
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Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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toward a clearer understanding of w
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Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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4.1 Research Questions In the previ
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eferring to as sociable includes in
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The decision on quantity of data wa
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largely anecdotal evidence from whi
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such as laughter sequences. I also
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Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
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The obtrusiveness of my recording w
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hand, I did not want to engage in t
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German. However, these episodes asi
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presented here provides a necessary
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two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
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Hand shakes for example were infreq
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eing invariably solidaric in nature
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claimed on the part of the particip
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Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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in my observations of German sociab
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collective past peppered with indiv
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In the next chapter I want to explo
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CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
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shall not be carried forward into t
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These various symbols are intended
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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19 EP: ' [Although I mean that [now
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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What happens in this particular exc
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To reiterate, positive threshold br
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41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
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What happens here is that KIP proff
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17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Page 241 and 242: of these selves at conversational w
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Page 249 and 250: Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Page 253 and 254: Beginning with the topic of convers
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Page 261 and 262: Conversely, in considering the next
Page 263 and 264: 100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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Page 273: 6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
Page 277 and 278: In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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Page 283 and 284: is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
Page 285 and 286: episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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Page 289 and 290: What this talk demonstrates is that
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Page 299 and 300: identified in conversational behavi
Page 301 and 302: handled sociable topics, in terms o
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Page 307 and 308: maintain the underlying equilibrium
Page 309 and 310: allowed for by the facework as alig
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Page 313 and 314: Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
Page 315 and 316: Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
Page 317 and 318: German Participants Name Age Occupa
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Page 321 and 322: Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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