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In terms of its positive and negative characteristics then, this piece of talk may be treated as marked by heightened positive alignment. That is, as both players and images, contributing participants mobilise similar selves. In terms of images, participants mobilise what were termed generally 'party- going' selves, that is persons who all attended the same party. Importantly, there are similarities in the symbolic nature of these selves. In terms of selves as players, again, there are striking similarities in the types of selves mobilised across participants. All mobilise re-invoking and abased selves. Thus, what is primarily positive alignment is achieved in and through the mobilisation of normative English sociable selves. The equilibric handling of conversation and selves is clearly evidenced in 'Cookie's Party'. First and foremost, this piece of talk is 'typical' of English sociable handling of reminisced topics. It is quite generally clearly recognisable talk about a past party that'we' attended, one not unique to one or the other individual but common to all. Second, there is an preference towards solidarity in terms of how the party is defined, and how it is evaluated. There is then a definitional and evaluative working consensus underlying the talk (Goffman 1967). In terms of sociable selves, participants are clearly working towards ratifying and mutually supporting re-invoking selves as players, and abased selves as images, achieved primarily in and through the mobilisation of similar selves. Participants collective mobilise both re-invoking and abased selves not only to allow them to make their own conversational claims, but to support those made and mobilised by their fellow participants. In this way, participants are able to talk about Cookie's party in the way that they do, as a collective reminiscence. Of course, as I shell demonstrate in the following episode, ratification and support need not rely on the mobilisation and alignment of similar sociable selves, neither in English nor German talk. However, it is the positive alignment of sociable selves which marks'Cookie's Party'. 250
Conversely, in considering the next episode, I want to demonstrate how sociable equilibrium is equally routinely and normatively achieved in and through what I referred to in Chapter 6 as primarily negatively aligned talk The dramatic exaggeration and humour evidenced in Cookie's Party is much evidenced in the following episode. Here however, a different set of sociable selves are being mobilised and a different primary alignment being achieved. Excerpt 8.2 Tommy Fields' RP: We went to some rough joints in Hamburg, big style (0.5) Hm but at least you had it (0.5) you felt safe didn't yeah EP: That's right yeah it was= LP: =You've never been to the Tommy Fields in Oldham KP: Ohhhhh[h RP: [Well no I know I don't wanna go there [Kens told me about it LP: [Ohhh: God:: KP: Terrible [that LP: [That is the the (1) THE= RP: =Yeah= LP: =most worst (0.5) sc- I mean= KP: =Scary= LP: I can look after meself and [I'm generally extremely confident EP: [Yeah LP: I KP: [I mean when I say it was scary I'm not bein'= LP: =in a pub)= KP: =Scary place to be= LP: But, it's one of those, it's [like the hills have eyes they was [a:: Il RP: [yeah KP: [I was less=l was less scared, no word of a lie LP: You walk in and everybody stops [talkin' instantly KP: [I was less scared in the middle of the main st[and EP: [Awe::::: LP: Stops dri[nkin' KP: [At City LP: And they've all got like b[ald heads and sticks, everybody KP: [ (when United EP: Awe hahahahha[ha LP: [h)And hob nail boots [on RP: [Yeah LP: And they stop instantly--the whole pub [goes dead quiet and they look at KP: [yeah LP: yo[u EP: [Bloody hell fire 251
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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orderly and meaningful conversation
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locally managed and constantly in d
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Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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toward a clearer understanding of w
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Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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4.1 Research Questions In the previ
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eferring to as sociable includes in
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The decision on quantity of data wa
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largely anecdotal evidence from whi
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such as laughter sequences. I also
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Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
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The obtrusiveness of my recording w
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hand, I did not want to engage in t
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German. However, these episodes asi
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presented here provides a necessary
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two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
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Hand shakes for example were infreq
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eing invariably solidaric in nature
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claimed on the part of the particip
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Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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in my observations of German sociab
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collective past peppered with indiv
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In the next chapter I want to explo
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CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
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shall not be carried forward into t
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These various symbols are intended
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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19 EP: ' [Although I mean that [now
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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What happens in this particular exc
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To reiterate, positive threshold br
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41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
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What happens here is that KIP proff
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17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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Page 217 and 218: Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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Page 225 and 226: Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Page 229 and 230: 7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
Page 231 and 232: 27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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Page 241 and 242: of these selves at conversational w
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Page 245 and 246: CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
Page 247 and 248: atification and support of unique,
Page 249 and 250: Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
Page 251 and 252: Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Page 265 and 266: however, such narrating selves are
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Page 273 and 274: 6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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Page 277 and 278: In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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Page 283 and 284: is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
Page 285 and 286: episode takes place. Rather, the ta
Page 287 and 288: The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
Page 289 and 290: What this talk demonstrates is that
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Page 295 and 296: preceding comments regarding sociab
Page 297 and 298: CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
Page 299 and 300: identified in conversational behavi
Page 301 and 302: handled sociable topics, in terms o
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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