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well as the validity of the claims made vis-A-vis the specific research problem. Above all else, the thesis should be read, not as a fixed and final theory of facework in conversation, but rather as a set of initial propositions, set out and applied to a specific research problem, and upon which further work and refinement may be carried out. RP May 2003 12
CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEPT, CONTEXT, 1.0 Introduction CULTURE In recent years 'face', 'facework', and associated issues have been the focus of numerous empirical studies of face-to-face spoken interaction. These have given rise to much conceptual and methodological debate across a variety of disciplinary fields including Socio-linguistics, Pragmatics, Second Language Teaching, Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology. Facework studies have addressed a wide range of contexts, settings, and discourse types, and have employed various conceptualisations of face. As a result, the extant body of scholarly literature variously employing the terms 'face' and 'facework' is huge, and can only be partially addressed by even the most enthusiastic scholar (see Cupach and Metts 1994; Earley 1997; Metts 1997; Spiers 1998; Tracey 1990; and Ting-Toomey 1994). More specifically, there has been a veritable explosion of studies specifically addressing face and facework in and across various cultures. Subsequently, the concept of face, and the identification facework strategies directed at face, have proved to be powerful conceptual tools for understanding how members of different cultures communicate with each other in a range of interpersonal contexts. Face has become a truly universal concern. Despite its ubiquity of use as a conceptual framework, the study of facework remains what Ting-Toomey (1994) rightly termed a challenge'. Fundamental conceptual and empirical questions have been raised about the real nature of face itself. For instance, what exactly is face?, how is facework realised in discourse, and can we take face and facework to be the same thing for all people across all cultures? These and other questions will be the focus of this chapter. 13
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well as the validity <strong>of</strong> the claims made vis-A-vis the specific research<br />
problem. Above all else, the thesis should be read, not as a fixed and final<br />
theory <strong>of</strong> facework in conversation, but rather as a set <strong>of</strong> initial<br />
propositions, set out and applied to a specific research problem, and upon<br />
which further work and refinement may be carried out.<br />
RP May 2003<br />
12
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