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Fig. 6.1 General Equilibric Model of Conversation (Positive and Negative Alignment) (see Chapter 3) S0CIABLE C0NVERSAT 10 N Alignment of conversational alignment selves NEGATIVE FACE THREAT threshold +alignment/-alignment alignment threshold POSITIVE FACE THREAT As I noted in Chapter 3, what this model allows for is a range of conversation contingencies, both equilibric and disequilibric. In order to explicitly point out instances of these particular contingencies in actual sociable conversation, I will employ in this chapter a basic notation system (see table 1). Table. 6.1 Alignment Contingencies: Basic Notation Symbol Meaning N Positive self claim ratified H Negative self claim ratified (+x) Positive self claim non-ratified (-x) Negative self claim non-ratified (+b) Positive threshold breach (potential negative face threat) (-b) Negative threshold breach (potential positive face threat) (+r) Positive threshold breach repair / remedy (-r) Negative threshold breach repair / remedy L q i. dn
These various symbols are intended to directly reflect the conversational contingencies covered by the general equilibric model. The notation consists initially of the generic symbols (+) and (-) to indicate both positive and negative alignment. I shall use these to point to what I shall posit as moments of positive alignment in each cultural milieu. Alongside these primary symbols I have included additional ones to indicate instances of non-ratification and non- support of both positive (+x) and negative claims (-x). That is, moments during sociable conversation when various claims are made on the basis of assumed solidarity with or individuation from fellow participants, but not ratified as such by fellow conversationalists. These four possibilities exist as equilibric conversation. The two pairs of symbols can be seen to essentially disequilibric alignments. Thus, the symbols (+b) and (-b) shall be used to refer to positive and negative threshold breaches (-b) respectively. The former can be evidenced in talk which threatens conversational autonomy or equilibrium, the latter, talk which threatens solidirty between participants. Finally, related to this last pair of symbols are those pointing to instances of alignment repair or remedy of such breaches. These shall be used to indicate participants attempts to remedy positive threshold breaches by instigating more negatively aligned talk (+r ), and those made to remedy negative threshold breaches by adopting more solidaric, positively aligned talk ( -r). These eight notation symbols represent all the contingencies suggested by the model on which my general interpretive approach is based 1. As I noted earlier, I shall employ these symbols here to further clarify how the alignment contingencies set out in the facework alignment model may be manifest in sociable conversation. In this sense they should be regarded as sociable signposts rather than rigid categories of conversational claims. The reader should thus focus in the first instance on the textual development of the argument presented here. data. I shall now move on to demonstrate alignment in my own conversational 141
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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Page 109 and 110: Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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Page 163 and 164: detrimental effects foreigners are
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Page 183 and 184: What happens in this particular exc
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Page 189 and 190: What happens here is that KIP proff
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Page 197 and 198: and English differences in conversa
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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