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5.3 Conclusion In this chapter I have painted quite a general picture of sociable gatherings in both cultural milieus. I began by outlining the basic trajectory of the sociable gatherings within which my research was carried and from which my conversational data (see Chapters 6 to 8) was drawn (5.1). Specifically I identified what I termed greeting phases and the main phase of sociable gatherings. Greeting phases were shown to be characterised by participants aligning essentially at two general levels: To the sociable gathering as a situational reality sui generis; and to each other as ratified participants in such activity. At the level of the social gathering, such alignment during greeting phases serves to essentially 'bracket' the main phase of sociability. In effect, participants, by engaging in alignment of sociable selves, mark their movement out of the 'wider world - into sociability', and vice-versalo. In these phases, actual conversational activity appeared in both settings to serve to delineate what was about to come, or, what was just passing as sociable, in effect 'warming up' and 'cooling off phases. In neither of these two phases was topic development a central activity in itself, but rather as a means of establishing and dissolving physical, cognitive, relational, and of course conversational co- presence. In considering the main phases of my sociable gatherings, I demonstrated how participants in each cultural milieu actively oriented to sociable conversation. It was within main phases of sociable gatherings that I identified a more specific type of sociable activity, what I termed as aligning for alignment (5.2). 1 moved on to identify both what was talked about in sociable episodes in terms of topic choice, and how topics were generally handled. Focusing on topic choice, I employed a basic categorisation to demonstrate that similar topic types were drawn and developed in each culture. Differences were identified however in terms of how topics were generally handled, in terms of for instance the framing of topics (e. g. humorous or serious, objective or based in narrative), and the depth to which they were developed. Finally I suggested that each of the topic types identified appeared to allow variously for both negative and positive alignments, that is, each allowed for the claiming and ratification of sameness and difference, solidarity and individuation, over the course of sociable episodes. 134
In the next chapter I want to explore more closely these alignment practices. Specifically, I want to consider how what I termed earlier as positive and negative alignments are carried out in the process of conducting and sustaining sociable conversation within particular sociable episodes, and ultimately, how these alignments allow participants to achieve and sustain the sociable equilibrium that makes sociable conversation in both milieus what it is. 13R
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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Page 105 and 106: Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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Page 109 and 110: Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
Page 111 and 112: 4.1 Research Questions In the previ
Page 113 and 114: eferring to as sociable includes in
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Page 127 and 128: German. However, these episodes asi
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Page 131 and 132: two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
Page 133 and 134: Hand shakes for example were infreq
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Page 139 and 140: Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
Page 149 and 150: shall not be carried forward into t
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Page 155 and 156: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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Page 163 and 164: detrimental effects foreigners are
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Page 169 and 170: 28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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Page 183 and 184: What happens in this particular exc
Page 185 and 186: To reiterate, positive threshold br
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Page 189 and 190: What happens here is that KIP proff
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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