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Saga-Book of the <strong>Viking</strong> <strong>Society</strong> exists about many of them, and the author sometimes acknowledges this fact. But as often he does not. On p. 133 Carl J. S. Marstrander's interpretation of unnam on the Reistad stone (Kr. 74): "ieh habe gelemt", "ich verstehe mich auf"4 is noted as a possible alternative to the usual translation "undertook" Elsewhere "habe gelemt", "verstehe mich auf" can appear without qualification (e.g., pp. 121, 122). Yet if unnam is indeed "das uralte Perfekt" of
Notes 357 based on a careful appraisal of the results of the most recent studies of each inscription or word. His fault lies, in my view, in narrowing too greatly the number of possibilities. Krause's approach to his corpus seems open to criticism on a number of points. A grammar of the Primitive Norse runic inscriptions will clearly have to concem itself a great deal with phonology. Lack of examples will make it impossible to give any systematic treatment to morphology. Syntax will fare even worse. One might therefore expect such a grammar to begin, or perhaps end, with a full discussion of the older runic alphabet and its relationship to the sounds of the languages it was used to write, in so far as these can be deduced. Krause's work contains no such discussion. On pp. 135-6 he gives the reader what are apparently his reasons for this omission, and it is worth quoting what is said there in full: "Es zeigt sich also immer wieder, daB wir nicht in der Lage sind, ein auch nur einigermaBen genaues phonologisches System Iur die Sprache der urnordischen Runeninschriften zu entwerfen, besonders wenn man bedenkt, daB die Sprache im Laufe der urnordischen Periode selbst gewiB nicht konstant blieb, wenngleich die uns erhaltenen Inschriften ein solches Trugbild vorgaukeln konnten. Dazu kommt schlieBlich der Umstand, daB die Runenschrift selbst nicht in der Lage ist, uns tiber den Lautstand genauer Auskunft zu geben; denn die Runenschrift war ja weithin abhangig von ihrern sudeuropaischen, wahrscheinlich nordetruskisch-lateinischen Vorbild, wenn auch der Schopfer der Runcnschrift hie und da, besonders wohl bei den Runen j und 1J, eigene Zeichen einfugte, urn die Schrift den Erfordemissen seiner germanischen Sprache besser anzupassen." It is true that Primitive Norse underwent changes, but it nevertheless seems permissible to treat the language of the presyncope inscriptions as a system in the same way as we do Old Icelandic or Old Swedish. Of course we know considerably less about this early language and the developments it was undergoing, but the evidence available to us, historical, comparative and runic, gives us a fairly clear picture of its phonemic structure.P Krause maintains that we are unable to establish a "genaues phonologisches System" for the language of the early Norse inscriptions. He seems to envisage a system in which it would be possible to determine, for example, the precise value of the 'a'-rune in any given word ([e:], [;E:], [a:], [a:] or [a], see below), or where 11 Cf. Antonsen (1967),21-39; the same, 'Toward a New Runic Grammar', The Nordic Languages and Modern Linguistics, ed. Hreinn Benediktsson (1970), 313-21; M. 1. Steblin-Kamenskij, 'Noen fonologiske betraktninger over de eldre runer', Arkiv for nordisk filologi 77 (1962),1-6.
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SAGA-BOOK VOL. XVIII VIKING SOCIETY
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REV lEW S PAGE A HISTORY OF THE VIK
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MANX MEMORIAL STONES OF THE VIKING
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Land Tenure in a Faroese Village ar
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Land Tenure in a Faroese Village 27
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Land Tenure in a Faroese Village In
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Land Tenure in A Faroese Village 43
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THE DEATH OF TURGESIUS* By JAMES ST
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The Death of Turgesius 49 whom Gira
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The Death of Turgesius 51 them as y
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The Death of Turgesius 53 were kill
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The Death of Turgesius 55 Cornelius
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The Death of Turgesius 57 Gerald's
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A FRAGMENT OF VIKING HISTORY By J6N
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Saga-Book of the Viking Society war
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66 Saga-Book oj the Viking Society
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A Fragment oj Viking History 7 1 If
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A Fragment of Viking History 73 coa
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A Fragment of Viking History 7S In
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A Fragment oj Viking History 77 war
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THREE ESSAYS ON VOLuspA By SIGURDUR
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Voluspd 81 difficult it was to catc
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Voluspci in an emended conflated te
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Voluspd M. Olsen-" advanced the str
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170luspd appears to have no support
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Voluspci 8g interest; but to us the
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Valuspd 9 1 Valuspd is in complete
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Vahtspd 93 the dowsing-rods with wh
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Voluspa 95 thought unnatural.s" but
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Voluspa 97 With st. 65 the prophecy
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Voluspd 99 There is no room here to
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Voluspci mey ok mog saman; f6tr vid
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Vbluspd r07 V oluspd and the skaldi
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Voluspa 109 by a new light. This ne
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Voluspd III When was Voluspd compos
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Valuspd II3 This would hardly have
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Voluspd IIS measured. It was more n
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Voluspa II7 preach an entirely joyo
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Voluspd II9 more times. The poem de
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Valuspa 121 - as corrupt as before.
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Voluspd 123 Inspiration nannten? Im
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Voluspd 125 3. Introite, nam et hie
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Voluspa 127 he composed the first p
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Voluspa 129 want to have others wor
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Voluspd I3I The lEsir's counsel of
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Voluspd 133 Baldr and H65r can larg
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Voluspd 135 found rest for his wear
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On Arons saga Hjbrleifssonar 137 co
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On Arons saga Hjbrleifssonar 139 an
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On .1rons saga Hjorleifssonar also
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On Arons saga HjOrleifssonar 143 te
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On Arons saga Hjiirleifssonar 145 s
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On Arons saga Hjiirleifssonar 147 p
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On Arons saga Hjorleifssonar 149 Ot
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On Arons saga Hjiirleifssonar lSI c
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On Arons saga Hjiirleifssonar 153 s
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Stronger examples are: On Arons sag
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On Arons saga Hjiirleifssonar 157 A
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On Arons saga Hjorleifssonar 159 em
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On Arons saga Hjiirleifssonar 161 t
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On Arons saga Hjorleifssonar Aron s
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On Arons saga Hjorleifssonar 165 de
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MAGNUS 6LAFSSON'S FRlsSDRApA By ANT
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Frissdrdpa 169 Ingenious and labori
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Frissdrdp« Riddara Christians Frys
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9 Frissdrdpa Kynslod, po yfer pridi
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Frissdrdpa 177 (Construe) (marbryma
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17 Frlssdrdpa 179 sophos (frerdur y
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Frissdrdpa Sale hann haskola hsest
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Frissdrdpa Hitt fra ec ok und hette
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28 Frlssdrdpa Intercalaris CHRistia
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3 2 Frissdrdpa I:>esse hefur pcegre
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Frissdrdp« Gier visse storm styria
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Frissdrdpa 191 ordinum. (pui) jdeoq
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39 Mt·3·2. 40 Mt-4-4· 42 Mt.7·7
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BOOK REVIEWS A HISTORY OF THE VIKIN
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2°4 Saga-Book of the Viking Societ
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Plate I . Frontispiece, Cold collar
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BEOWULF SWEDES AND GEATS
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CONTENTS LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I HAVE received ve
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Introduction: the poem Beowulf FOR
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Beowulf's coming to kingship 231 I
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Beowulf's coming to kingship 233 he
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Beowulf, Swedes and Geats that brin
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Beowulf, Swedes and Geats His name
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Beowulf, Swedes and Geats seems to
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Beowulf, Swedes and Geats Wzegmundi
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244 Beowulf, Swedes and Geats 'they
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Beowulf, Swedes and Geats passage q
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Beowulf, Swedes and Geats taken as
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250 Beowulf, Swedes and Geats north
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Beowulf, Swedes and Geats Healfdene
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Geatish-Swedish conflicts 255 l'5eo
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Geatish-Swedish conflicts 257 had i
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The end of the Geats 259 else. Taci
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miles km "t.J Bernheim
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I \ \ I c o Fig. 4. Iron Age hill f
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The end of the Geats also not good
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The end of the Geats began to turn
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The end of the Geats 271 two powers
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Beowulf and Sutton Hoo 273 Both of
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276 Beowulf, Swedes and Geats close
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Beowulf, Swedes and Geats the Germa
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280 Beowulf, Swedes and Geats pile
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282 Beowulf, Swedes and Geats Scand
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Beowulf, Swedes and Geats praelium
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286 Beowulf, Swedes and Geats repor
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Platt· 2, HelllWl f rom veudet, tp
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Plate 7. Sword-pommel from Sutton 1
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30 2 Saga-Book oj the Viking Societ
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Page 373 and 374: Notes *aftir(i) and *aftera Prim.
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Page 383 and 384: Book Reviews 377 jet-propelled age
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Book Reviews listed by Skovrnand. B
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Book Reviews Sawyer prefaces his bo
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