Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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80 Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications R. R. Harrison, P. T. Watkins, R. J. Kier, R. O. Lovejoy, D. J. Black, B. Greger, F. Solzbacher, “A Low-Power Integrated Circuit for a Wireless 100-Electrode Neural Recording System,” IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. 42, No. 1, Jan. 2007. A. S. Sedra and A. C. Smith. Microelectronic Circuits. New York: Oxford UP, 2010.
1. Introduction Column Coupling Electrophoresis in Biomedical Analysis 5 Peter Mikuš and Katarína Maráková Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Slovakia Biomedical analysis is one of the most advanced areas solved in analytical chemistry due to the requirements on the analyzed samples (analyte vs. matrix problems) as well as on the overall analytical process regarding automatization and miniaturization of the analyses. Separation methods for the biomedical analysis are requested to provide high resolution power, high separation efficiency and high sensitivity. This is connected with such conditions that analytes are present in the samples in very low (trace) amounts and/or are present in multicomponent matrices (serum, plasma, urine, etc.). These complex matrices consist from inorganic and organic constituents at (very) differing concentrations and these can overlap the analyte(s) peak(s) due to migration and detection interferences. In addition, a column overloading can occur in such cases. It can be pronounced especially for the microscale separation methods such as the capillary electrophoresis (CE). Hence, it is obvious that there is the need for the sample preparation: (i) preconcentration – lower limits of detection and quantification; (ii) purification of the sample and isolation of analytes – elimination of sample matrix; (iii) derivatization – improvement of physical and/or chemical properties of the analytes, before the CE analysis in these situations to reach relevant analytical information. Sample pretreatment can be performed either off-line (before injection of analyzed sample into the analyzer) or on-line (after the injection). The conventional separation systems (single column) use mostly external (off-line) sample pretreatment, even though this analytical approach has many limitations. These are (i) a loss of the analytes, (ii) time consuming and tedious procedure, (iii) problematic manipulation with minute amounts of the samples, (iv) problematic for automatization, (v) decreased precision of the analyses, etc. On the other hand, on-line sample pretreatment has many advantages as (i) elimination of random and/or systematic errors caused by external sample handling, (ii) simplification of an overall analytical process (less number of an external steps), (iii) reduction of the total analysis time and (iv) possibility of the automatization and miniaturization of the analytical process (routine precise microanalyses). A significant enhancement of sensitivity and selectivity is one of the main benefits of the on-line sample pretreatment. An on-line pretreatment is crucial when there are only micro amounts of the samples for the analysis and/or when analytes/samples have lower stability. The advanced single column electrophoretic techniques (transient isotachophoresis, fieldenhanced sample stacking, dynamic pH junction, sweeping, in-capillary solid/liquid phase extraction-CE, in-capillary dialysis-CE, etc.), representing the CE with the on-line (incolumn) sample preparation, were described and successfully applied for trace analytes and
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