Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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72 Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications requires a serial port and cable to transmit the data. In this sense, the communication is wired. Another option to transmit the data is via a wireless connection. This wireless communication is typically performed using a Bluetooth connection. This connection is created using a Bluetooth wireless module. In later sections, Bluetooth will be explored further. Other forms of wireless communication can be used, as per the system’s requirements. 3.2 Wireless system characteristics Wireless system (Bluetooth) uses a 2.4GHz band for short distance and low power consumption communication. Bluetooth is used for its high reliability and low cost. It is supported by AT-Command and has a transfer rate of approximately 1 Mbps to 3 Mbps. Another feature of Bluetooth is its ability to guarantee stable wireless communication, even under severe noisy environment, by use of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS). Bluetooth utilizes a packet based protocol with a master slave configuration. This configuration allows a wireless system to connect and communication to up to 7 devices. The terminology of master and slave is very straight forward. One device has control over one or more devices. In this application, the wireless transmitter has control over the wireless receiver. During communication, the transmitter first selects and pools the slave. This is termed the “inquiry” stage of communication, as master is determining the devices that it can connect to. Once the master pools the slave, the slave responds to the communication. Then the communication enters the “paging” phase that allows for the devices to synchronize the clock and frequency between the master and the slave. Once the master and slave modules are paired, the master module provides information to slave module with the master module‘s address. Once this is complete, the communication between devices can begin. The specifications for Bluetooth 2.0 are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Bluetooth 2.0 specifications To perform the Bluetooth communication, a Bluetooth Module is utilized. This transceiver allows for communication between microcontroller and display device. For example, a WINiZEN Bluetooth RS232 wireless module is used for the Bluetooth communication. The data transmission and receiving power consumption of this Bluetooth module is 18 to 30mA for transmission and 21~33mA for reception. Data transmission/reception is achieved for up to 10 meter distances. The WINiZEN Bluetooth module is operated at low power (3.3 V), and has the dimensions of 18x20x12 (mm). This size can be visualized in Figure 7.
Biomedical Signal Transceivers Fig. 7. Bluetooth Module Dimensions and Pin Assignments The advantage of this, and any other small Bluetooth module, is the internal chip antenna that is used for short distance wireless communication. This is important since the transmitter or receiver device does not require an external antenna. 3.3 Firmware and data communication The development of the firmware for the microcontroller is based upon the microcontroller that is being utilized in the design. As well, the code can be written in a verity of languages, typically Assembly and C, which again is dependent on the microcontroller selected. To continue the example microcontroller that was used in previous sections, Atmel ATmega microcontroller code was created using AVR Stdio4.0 and AVR ISP. The code was written in the C-language. AVR Stdio4.0 (Atmel Co., Ltd) which is a professional Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is used for writing, simulation, emulation and debugging. As a compiler, it also changes the firmware code from C-language to Hex code. An example firmware flow-charts for a biomedical signal transceiver is illustrated in Figure 8. Fig. 8. Firmware Block Diagram 73
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150 5. Conclusions Biomedical Engin
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162 1 st phase : half year 4 2 nd p
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180 16. Acknowledgments Biomedical
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190 R* M M M M MR*M O O O O M O R*
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196 Fig. 9. Chemical structure of 5
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198 Relative Intensity (AU) Biomedi
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204 2. Preparation of IO nanopartic
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