Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

Biomedical Signal Transceivers
corresponds to the range of frequencies of the measured bioelectric signal. When designing
the overall circuit, commonly the high pass filter is placed before the low pass filter.
High pass filter design is quite straightforward. Since a high pass filter will pass any
frequency above the cut off frequency, the filter theoretically has an infinite frequency
response. As such, if one was to design an active high pass filter, op amp utilized in the
design may limit this response, as the op amp has a maximum frequency output. Therefore
from a theoretical view, a passive filter will have the best response. In all practicality, this is
not the case, but high pass active filters are still important to use, as they still can be
effective. Depending on the bioelectric signal being measured, a simple RC passive filter can
be sufficient. An example of a passive high pass filter is displayed in Figure 4.
Fig. 4. Passive high pass filter
There are several possible common designs for the low pass filter. These include both active
and passive filters. For these filters, there are several common types, including: Butterworth
and Chebyshev. Each filter type has several configurations, with both active and passive
designs. More commonly, for the low pass filter, an active configuration is utilized. As well,
the Butterworth filter is typically used as it has an advantageous flat frequency response.
There is also a choice of the filter order and configuration of the Butterworth Filter. Figure 5
shows a first order Butterworth low pass filter.
Fig. 5. First Order Butterworth Low Pass Filter
Typically, a filter with only a few orders will be utilized due to speed, cost, and space. A
first order low pass Butterworth filter is perfectly acceptable choice for most applications.
Another designer choice is the configuration of the filter. For active Butterworth filter, the
Sallen-Key topology is an excellent choice. It allows for multiple orders, using only two op
amps and several passive components. The design for the third order Butterworth filters is
quite complex, and it involves calculating all values for the resistors and capacitors. There
are several software packages that aide in the creation of these complex active filters.
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