Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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468 Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications Tarnita, D.; Tarnita, D.N., Tarnita, R., Berceanu, C. & Cismaru, F. (2010). Modular adaptive bone plate connected by Nitinol staple, Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, Materials Science and Engineering Technology, Special Edition Biomaterials, Willey-Vch., Matwer 40 (1-2) 1-120 (2009) ISSN 0933-5137 Tarnita, D.; Bolcu, D., Berceanu, C. & Cismaru, F. (2010).Theoretical and experimental studies for an orthopedic staple made up Nitinol, Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, Vol. 12, No. 11, November 2010, p. 2323 – 2332 (0,33626) Theocaris P.S. & Philippidis, E.(1989), “Elastic Eigenstates of a medium with transverse Thoma, T.Y., Proc Nat. Acad. Sci. U S A. 1955 November 15; 41(11), 908 Ting, T.C.T. (1987), “Invariants of Anisotropic Elastic Constants”, Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Vol.40, Part 3, pp. 431-448. Trepanier, C.; Tabrizian, M., Yahia, L.H. et al. Effect of the modification of the oxide layer on NiTi stent corrosion resistance, JBMR (Appl Biomater) 1998; 43: 433–40 Tsung-Jung, H., Wei-Hsiang, L., Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2010, 33, No.1,121 von Mises, R., Mechanik der Festen Korper im plastisch deformablen Zustand. Göttin. Nachr. Math. Phys., 1913;1:582–592 Venugopalan, R. & Trépanier, C. Assessing the corrosion behaviour of Nitinol for minimally-invasive device design, Min Invas Ther & Allied Technol 2000: 9(2) 67– 74 Wever, D.J.; Veldhuizen, A.G., de Vries, J. et al. Electrochemical and surface characterization of a nickel–titanium alloy. Biomaterials 1998; 19: 761–9 Yang, P.J.; Zhang, Y.F., Ge, M.Z. et al. Internal fixation with Ni-Ti shape memory alloy compressive staples in orthopaedic surgery: a review of 51 cases. Chin Med J (Engl) 1987,100,712 Yeung, K.W.; Poon, R.W., Chu, P.K. et al. Cheung Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. Aug 2007, Vol. 82A, No. 2: 403-414
1. Introduction 19 A Mechanical Cell Model and Its Application to Cellular Biomechanics Yoshihiro Ujihara, Masanori Nakamura and Shigeo Wada Osaka University, Japan 1.1 Importance of understanding the mechanical behavior of cells Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms. Cells are continually subjected to mechanical loads from a wide variety of sources. It is known that normal cellular functions, including motility (Haga et al. 2000), differentiation (Titushkin et al. 2007), and gene expression (Shieh and Athanasiou 2007) involve mechanical properties. To date, studies have provided a biochemical framework for understanding the mechanotransduction processes and responses of cells to mechanical stimuli (Cohen et al., 1997). Nevertheless, it remains controversial as to how cells sense mechanical stimuli and trigger subsequent biochemical reactions. Understanding these cellular behaviours and their underlying mechanisms could be advanced by exploring the mechanical properties of cells and the intracellular components that confer such mechanical properties. 1.2 Previous studies on cellular mechanics To date, numerous studies have investigated the relationships between the mechanics of subcellular components and either the local (Wang, 1998; Titushkin et al. 2007) or the entire mechanical properties of the cell (Miyazaki et al., 2000; Nagayama et al., 2006). Although these studies have provided valuable information for understanding cellular mechanics, the highly complex and heterogeneous structures of the subcellular components, such as cytoskeletal filaments, result in difficulties in understanding their behaviour. For example, the diameter of actin filaments is of the order of submicrometers, actin filaments are connected to the cell membrane and other cytoskeletal filaments, and the subcellular components frequently interact. Despite recent advances in imaging techniques, visualizing structural changes in actin filaments during cell deformation remains a challenging task. In this regard, no reported study has successfully measured the mechanical properties of cells while simultaneously observing the behaviour of subcellular components through quantification of their mechanical properties as a cell deforms. Thus, it is not yet feasible to understand the mechanical properties of cells from the level of subcellular components, solely on the basis of these experiments. Computational approaches can complement the experimental studies of cell mechanics. The currently developed computational approaches are classified into continuum and discrete approaches. Continuum approaches assume that the smallest length scale of interest is larger than the dimensions of the microstructure. Continuum approaches have been widely used to
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VI Contents Chapter 9 Targeted Magn
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120 6. Conclusion Biomedical Engine
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150 5. Conclusions Biomedical Engin
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162 1 st phase : half year 4 2 nd p
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172 12. Maturing projects’ story
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180 16. Acknowledgments Biomedical
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190 R* M M M M MR*M O O O O M O R*
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196 Fig. 9. Chemical structure of 5
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198 Relative Intensity (AU) Biomedi
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