Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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448 Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications The management of bone fractures using an external fixator, adjustment of the bone segment is often necessary to reduce residual deformities. Proposed unilateral external retainer is composed of bone pins inserted into the proximal and distal segment, four semicircular frames, two telescopic side rods, and two of Nitinol compression springs that are designed to compact fracture, the effect of compression on bone fragments interested. It was also simulated femoral shaft osteotomy. In addition to studies of adjustability of the retainer, this model is used to investigate the rigidity of the retainer for evaluating device performance. Transverse fracture was simulated on the axis of the femur and bone segments were modelled as rigid. Were analyzed several cases of bone fragment alignment study using ANSYS software, based on finite Elements Method. Different sequences are generated.This is an example of the need for practical study and application of clinically relevant biomechanical analysis of the results. Fig. 26. Stress and deformation maps recorded in the femur-external fixator assembly, when the NiTi springs are placed towards the symmetry axis of the assembly Fig. 27. Stress and deformation maps in the femur-external fixator assembly, the case when NiTi springs are placed towards the lateral rods of the fixator
Orthopaedic Modular Implants Based on Shape Memory Alloys 4.4 Orthopaedic implants used for osteoporotic bones fractures Osteoporosis is a disease which leads to the reduction of the bone minerals and is directly related to the age of the patient. Therefore, osteoporosis can cause fractures to the spine and to the femur extremities and, especially, to the humeral head. In comparison to the patients who have normal bone density, patients with osteoporosis can suffer fractures of the spine or long bones from low magnitude forces or minor trauma. The most frequent compression fractures of the osteoporotic spine are located at the thorax and lumbar vertebrae level. These fractures can cause acute pain of the back at the level of the fractured vertebra. Once a spinal fracture caused by osteoporosis has occurred the risk of another is increased fourfold compared to the case of non-osteoporotic patients. Fig. 28. The humeral head and vertebra fracture and the structure of the normal bone and osteoporotic spongy bone The numerical simulation of osteoporosis in the case of the femoral head is based on the hypothesis according to which the effect of the osteoporosis is equivalent to the change in the mechanical characteristics of the bone, more exactly, of the osteoporotic spongy tissue. These mechanical characteristics are the longitudinal elasticity module (E) and the Poisson coefficient. In the case of the bone structure we have considered the material as orthotropic, having different values of the mechanical characteristics on the Ox, Oy and Oz axis. The purpose of this simulation is to visualize the influence of osteoporosis in the whole mass of the bone and spongy tissue in order to draw some conclusions regarding: - the most dangerous zones in which the mechanical properties are diminished; - the degree of osteoporosis at which the bone cannot support the loads; - the influence of osteoporosis on the mechanical resistance of the bone. From the presented stresses maps one can observe that the resistance of the bone and, especially, of the spongy tissue drops by 50% for a degree of osteoporosis of 15%, therefore at 20% osteoporosis the fractures of the humeral head are imminent. One can observe also that the most dangerous zone is located at the neck of the humeral head where, in fact, the fractures occur frequently. Fig. 29. Von Misses stresses for 0%, 15%, 20% osteoporotic bone 449
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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING - FROM THEOR
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free online editions of InTech Book
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VI Contents Chapter 9 Targeted Magn
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X Preface stand-alone and readers c
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120 6. Conclusion Biomedical Engine
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150 5. Conclusions Biomedical Engin
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162 1 st phase : half year 4 2 nd p
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180 16. Acknowledgments Biomedical
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190 R* M M M M MR*M O O O O M O R*
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198 Relative Intensity (AU) Biomedi
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Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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