Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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430 Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications Tritschler, B., Forest, B., & Rieu, J. (1999). Fretting corrosion of materials for orthopaedic implants: a study of a metal/polymer contact in an artificial physiological medium. Tribol Intl, 32, 587. Venugopal, S., Sivaprasad, P.V., Vasudevan, M., Mannan, S.L., Jha, S.K., Pandey, P., & Prasad, Y.V.R.K. (1995). Validation of processing maps for 304L stainless steel using hot forging, rolling and extrusion. J Mater Proc Technol, 59, 343. Waksman, R., Pakala, R., Kuchulakanti, P.K., Baffour, R., Hellinga, D., Seabron, R., Tio, F.O., Wittchow, E., Hartwig, S., Harder, C., Rohde, R., Heublein, B., Andreae, A., Waldmann, K.-H. & Haverich, A. (2006). Safety and efficacy of bioabsorbable Mg alloy stents in porcine coronary arteries. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 68, 606. Wang, Y.B., Zheng, Y.F., Wei, S.C. & Li, M. (2011). In vitro study on Zr-based bulk metallic glasses as potential biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res, 96B, 34. Weiss, I., & Semiatin, S.L. (1999). Thermomechanical processing of alpha Ti alloys—An overview. Mater Sci Eng A, 263, 243. Williams, D.F. (2008). On the mechanisms of biocompatibility. Biomaterials, 29, 2941. Williamson, D.L., Davis, J.A., & Wilbur, P.J. (1998). Effect of austenitic stainless steel composition on low-energy, high-flux, nitrogen ion beam processing. Surf Coat Technol, 103-104, 178. Witte, F., Hort, N., Vogt, C., Cohen, S., Kainer, K.U., Willumeit, R. & Feyerabend, F. (2009). Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion. Curr Op Solid State Mater Sci, 12, 63. Witte, F., Kaese, V., Haferkamp, H., Switzer, E., Linderberg, A.M., Wirth, C.J. & Windhagen, H. (2005). In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response. Biomaterials, 26, 3557. Xin, Y., Liu, C., Zhang, X., Tang, G., Tian, X. & Chu, P.K. (2007). Corrosion behavior of biomedical AZ91 magnesium alloy in simulated body fluids. J Mater Res, 22, 2004. Yang, K. & Ren, Y. (2010). Nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications. Sci Technol Adv Mater, 11, 1. Zhang, E. & Yang, L. (2008). Microstructure, mechanical properties and biocorrosion properties of MgZnMnCa alloy for biomedical application. Mater Sci Eng A, 497, 111. Zhuang, L.Z., & Langer, E.W. (1988). Effects of the range of the stress intensity factor on the appearance of localized fatigue fracture in cast CoCrMo alloy used for surgical implants. Mater Sci Eng A, 102, L9. Zhuka, H.V., Kobryn, P.A., & Semiatin, S.L. (2007). Influence of heating and solidification conditions on the structure and surface quality of electron-beam melted Ti6Al4V ingots. J Mater Proc Technol, 190, 387.
1. Introduction 18 Orthopaedic Modular Implants Based on Shape Memory Alloys Daniela Tarnita1, Danut Tarnita2 and Dumitru Bolcu1 1University of Craiova, 2University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania Intelligent materials are those materials whose physical characteristics can be modified not only through the charging factors of a certain test, but also through diverse mechanisms involving a series of additional parameters like luminous radiation, temperature, magnetic or electric fields etc. The use of intelligent materials in medical sciences offers to the economic medium the safest way to launch effective, highly-feasible and especially biocompatible products on the internal and international markets. The most important alloy used in biomedical applications is Ni–Ti, Nitinol (Nickel Titanium Naval Ordinance Laboratory), an alloy of an almost equal mixture of nickel and titanium, which is able to fulfil functional requirements related not only to their mechanical reliability but also to its chemical reliability and its biological reliability. Superelastic Nitinol alloys are becoming integral to the design of a variety of new medical products. The very big elasticity of these alloys is the most important advantage afforded by this material, but by no means the only or most important one. To highlight the value of superelastic Nitinol to the medical industry, we can present other properties: biocompatibility, kink resistance, constancy of stress, physiological compatibility, shape-memory deployment, dynamic interference, fatigue resistance hysteresis, and MRI compatibility (Duerig et al., 1999; Friend & Morgan, 1999; Mantovani, 2000; Pelton et al., 2000; Ryhanen et al., 1999). These properties were used for manufacturing medical products including stents, filters, retrieval baskets, and surgical tools. There are many metals exhibit superelastic effects, but only Nitinol based alloys is biologically and chemically compatible with the human body (Kapanen et al., 2002; Raghubir et al., 2007; Shabalovskaya, 1995; Yeung et al., 2007). In vivo testing and experience indicates that Nitinol is highly biocompatible, more so than stainless steel. The extraordinary compliance of Nitinol clearly makes it the metal that is most similar mechanically to biological materials. This improved physiological similarity promotes bony ingrowths and proper healing by sharing loads with the surrounding tissue, and has led to applications such as hip implants, bone spacers, bone staples, and skull plates. NiTi applications in orthopaedics currently include internal fixation by the use of fixatives, compression bone stables used in osteotomy and fracture fixation, rods for the correction of scoliosis (Yang et al., 1987), shape memory expansion staples used in cervical surgery (Sanders et al., 1993), staples in small bone surgery (Mei et al., 1997), and fixation systems for suturing tissue in minimal invasive surgery (Musialek et al., 1998). Several types of
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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING - FROM THEOR
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120 6. Conclusion Biomedical Engine
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150 5. Conclusions Biomedical Engin
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162 1 st phase : half year 4 2 nd p
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180 16. Acknowledgments Biomedical
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190 R* M M M M MR*M O O O O M O R*
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