Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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22 Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications Melero, R. (2005). Acceso abierto a las publicaciones científicas: definición, recursos, copyright e impacto. El profesional de la información, vol. 14, n. 4 (jul.-ago.), p. 255- 266. Merriam-Webster. (2011). Dictionary on-line. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Michán-Aguirre, L., Calderón-Rojas, R., Nitxin-Castañeda-Sortibrán, A., & Rodríguez- Arnáiz, R. (2010). Aplicaciones web para recuperación y análisis de bibliografía de PubMed. El Profesional de la Informacion, 19(3), 285-291. doi: 10.3145/epi.2010.may.09. Pappalardo,K. and Fitzgerald, A. (2007). A Guide to Developing Open Access Through Your Digital Repository. QUT Printing Services. Renear, A. H., & Palmer, C. L. (2009). Strategic reading, ontologies, and the future of scientific publishing. Science (New York, N.Y.), 325(5942), 828-832. Rizkallah, J., & Sin, D. D. (2010). Integrative approach to quality assessment of medical journals using impact factor, eigenfactor, and article influence scores. PloS one, 5(4), e10204+. Robu, I., Robu, V., & Thirion, B. (2006). An introduction to the semantic web for health sciences librarians. Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA, 94(2), 198– 205. Rodriguez-Esteban, R. (2009). Biomedical text mining and its applications. PLoS Computational Biology, 5(12), e1000597+. Romary, L., & Armbruster, C. (2009). Beyond institutional repositories. Social Science. Research Network Working Paper Series. Rosas, S. R., Kagan, J. M., Schouten, J. T., Slack, P. A., & Trochim, W. M. K. (2011). Evaluating research and impact: A bibliometric analysis of research by the NIH/NIAID HIV/AIDS clinical trials networks. PLoS ONE, 6(3), e17428. Russell, J. M. (2001). Scientific communication at the beginning of the 21st century. International Social Science Journal, 168, 271-282. Suber, P. (2010). Open Access Overview. Last revised November 6, 2010 Available from: Swan, A. & Brown, S. (2005) Open Access self archiving: an author study. Truro, UK: Key Perspectivas. Date of access: February 25, 2011, Available from: . Thomson Reuters. (2011). Products A-Z. In: Web of Knowlegde, February 2011, Available from: Uthman, O. (2008). HIV/AIDS in nigeria: a bibliometric analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases, 8(1), 19+. Villanova-Oliver, M., Gensel, J., & Martin, H. (2003). Models and guidelines for the design of progressive access in web-based information systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2817, 238-249+. Weeber, M., Kors, J. A., & Mons, B. (2005). Online tools to support literature-based discovery in the life sciences. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 6(3), 277-286. Zhou, X., Hu, X., Li, G., Lin, X., & Zhang, X. (2006). Relation-Based document retrieval for biomedical IR. In C. Priami, X. Hu, Y. Pan, & T. Lin (Eds.) Transactions on Computational Systems Biology V, vol. 4070 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, chap. 9, (pp. 112-128). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
1. Introduction 2 Biomedical HIV Prevention Gita Ramjee and Claire Whitaker HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council South Africa In 2009, an estimated 33.3 million adults and children worldwide were living with HIV, while 2.6 million were newly infected that year (UNAIDS, 2010). The epidemic most severely affects sub-Saharan Africa, where 22.5 million people live with the virus, and 1.8 million were newly infected in 2009 (UNAIDS, 2010). The predominant mode of HIV transmission in this hardest hit area is heterosexual intercourse, with young women particularly vulnerable to acquisition of the virus (Laga et al., 2001), a result of intersecting biological, social and cultural vulnerabilities (Coovadia et al., 2009; Hladik & Hope, 2009). Although initially considered a fatal diagnosis, HIV is fast becoming a chronic disease, manageable through the use of antiretroviral (ARV) medications. Under good health-care conditions, people living with HIV may now enjoy a life-span that is not significantly different from that of an uninfected person, even without ARV treatment (van Sighem et al., 2010). Over the past 25 years since the identification of the causative agent of HIV, researchers have investigated many methods for the prevention of acquisition of the virus. It has become increasingly clear that a combination HIV prevention approach to combating the epidemic will be necessary, since no single intervention has yet been shown to have more than approximately 60% effectiveness in preventing infection (Klausner et al., 2008; Vermund et al., 2009). Biomedical prevention encompasses the use of medical treatments such as ARVs for prevention or post-exposure prophylaxis, barrier methods such as male and female condoms, procedures such as medical male circumcision or other methods to reduce the chance of transmission of HIV (Padian et al., 2008). Rather than dichotimising the response to the epidemic into separate biomedical and behavioural interventions, the most effective intervention is likely to incorporate both behavioural change and widespread provision of one or more biomedical prevention options for both men and women. 2. Biomedical HIV prevention technologies 2.1 Vaccines Although vaccines may appear to be a ubiquitous facet of modern medical care, their development has required prolonged experimentation in several cases. The earliest and most famous vaccination experiment is perhaps Edward Jenner’s deliberate infection in 1796 of a young boy with cowpox which conferred protection against the related, but much more deleterious smallpox (Dunn, 1996). Later in 1885, Louis Pasteur developed a post-exposure
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120 6. Conclusion Biomedical Engine
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180 16. Acknowledgments Biomedical
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190 R* M M M M MR*M O O O O M O R*
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196 Fig. 9. Chemical structure of 5
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198 Relative Intensity (AU) Biomedi
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204 2. Preparation of IO nanopartic
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454 In this case, the eigenvalues a
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472 Nb b b l l1 Biomedical Engineer
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Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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