Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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310 Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications Fig. 2. Safety concerns about nanoparticles in in vivo applications grows and it is still a “black box” that has not been clearly shown its potential hazards. 4. Conclusion The toxicity of nanoparticle is critically important topic for researchers both in material science and biomedical fields. Toxicity assessment so far has been informative but it could not catch up the development of technology especially in biological application of nanoparticlces as covered in earlier sections in this chapter. Even in in vitro assays, assay results were often challenged by their inconsistencies. For in vivo application it is even more important to have well defined, consistent assay protocol and techniques so that one can try to discover the key to the unknown, “black box” of particle toxicity in vivo (Figure 2). The immediate need in this regard will be the standardization of assessment protocols for nanoparticle toxicity. Government, academics and worldwide cooperation are desirable to facilitate this process for standardization of assays. In vitro findings should be carefully integrated to the in vivo behavior of nanoparticles since it is fairly different environment that nanoparticles will experience. For in vivo applications, therefore, extra care should be taken in prediction of potential toxicity of nanoparticles before their actual implementation. 5. Acknowledgment JC acknowledges Professor J. Christopher Love at MIT and Dr. Peter L. Goering at FDA for useful discussion on the subject.
Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications and Their Safety Concerns 6. References Adler, D. C., S. W. Huang, et al. (2008). "Photothermal detection of gold nanoparticles using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography." Opt Express 16(7): 4376-4393. Agrawal, A., S. Huang, et al. (2006). "Quantitative evaluation of optical coherence tomography signal enhancement with gold nanoshells." J Biomed Opt 11(4): 041121. Ananta, J. S., B. Godin, et al. (2010). "Geometrical confinement of gadolinium-based contrast agents in nanoporous particles enhances T1 contrast." Nat Nanotechnol 5(11): 815- 821. Baek, M. J., J. Y. Park, et al. (2010). "Water-soluble MnO nanocolloid for a molecular T1 MR imaging: a facile one-pot synthesis, in vivo T1 MR images, and account for relaxivities." ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2(10): 2949-2955. Bystrzejewski, M., S. Cudzilo, et al. (2007). "Carbon encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications: thermal stability studies." Biomol Eng 24(5): 555-558. Chen, Y. S., W. Frey, et al. (2010). "Enhanced thermal stability of silica-coated gold nanorods for photoacoustic imaging and image-guided therapy." Opt Express 18(9): 8867- 8878. Christiansen, S. H., M. Becker, et al. (2007). "Signal enhancement in nano-Raman spectroscopy by gold caps on silicon nanowires obtained by vapour-liquid-solid growth." Nanotechnology 18(3): 035503. Clift, M. J., B. Rothen-Rutishauser, et al. (2008). "The impact of different nanoparticle surface chemistry and size on uptake and toxicity in a murine macrophage cell line." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 232(3): 418-427. Corchero, J. L. and A. Villaverde (2009). "Biomedical applications of distally controlled magnetic nanoparticles." Trends Biotechnol 27(8): 468-476. Crosera, M., M. Bovenzi, et al. (2009). "Nanoparticle dermal absorption and toxicity: a review of the literature." Int Arch Occup Environ Health 82(9): 1043-1055. DeNardo, S. J., G. L. DeNardo, et al. (2007). "Thermal dosimetry predictive of efficacy of 111In-ChL6 nanoparticle AMF--induced thermoablative therapy for human breast cancer in mice." J Nucl Med 48(3): 437-444. DeVoll, J. R. (2010). "Nanoparticle toxicity." Aviat Space Environ Med 81(2): 152-153. Durisic, N., A. I. Bachir, et al. (2007). "Detection and correction of blinking bias in image correlation transport measurements of quantum dot tagged macromolecules." Biophys J 93(4): 1338-1346. Frangioni, J. V., S. W. Kim, et al. (2007). "Sentinel lymph node mapping with type-II quantum dots." Methods Mol Biol 374: 147-159. Ghaderi, S., B. Ramesh, et al. (2010). "Fluorescence nanoparticles "quantum dots" as drug delivery system and their toxicity: a review." J Drug Target. Goldberg, M. S., D. Xing, et al. (2011). "Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of siRNA targeting Parp1 extends survival of mice bearing tumors derived from Brca1-deficient ovarian cancer cells." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(2): 745-750. Han, C., Z. Cui, et al. (2010). "Urea-type ligand-modified CdSe quantum dots as a fluorescence "turn-on" sensor for CO3(2-) anions." Photochem Photobiol Sci 9(9): 1269- 1273. Hoshino, A., K. Hanaki, et al. (2004). "Applications of T-lymphoma labeled with fluorescent quantum dots to cell tracing markers in mouse body." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 314(1): 46-53. 311
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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING - FROM THEOR
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VI Contents Chapter 9 Targeted Magn
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120 6. Conclusion Biomedical Engine
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150 5. Conclusions Biomedical Engin
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162 1 st phase : half year 4 2 nd p
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166 7. Innovative active training B
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172 12. Maturing projects’ story
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180 16. Acknowledgments Biomedical
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190 R* M M M M MR*M O O O O M O R*
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196 Fig. 9. Chemical structure of 5
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198 Relative Intensity (AU) Biomedi
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204 2. Preparation of IO nanopartic
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256 3. Deposition techniques Biomed
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454 In this case, the eigenvalues a
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