Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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298 Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications Ostadi, H., Malboubi, M., Prewett, P.D., & Jiang, K. (2009). Microelectronic Engineering. 3D reconstruction of a micro pipette tip, Vol. 86, No. 4-6, (April-June 2009), pp. (868- 870), ISSN: 0167-9317 Palermo, G. , Joris, H., Camus, M., Devroey, P., & Van Steirteghem, A. C. (1992). Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet, Vol. 4, No. 340, (July 1992), pp. 8810-8817, ISSN 0140-6736 Pillarisetti, A., Pekarev, M., Brooks, A.D., & Desai, J.P. (2007) “Evaluating the Effect of Force Feedback in Cell Injection,” IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, vol. 4(3), pp. (322-331), ISSN: 1545-5955 Postek, M., Vladár, A.E., Kramar,J., Stern, L.A., Notte, J., & McVey, S. (2007) “The helium ion microscope: a new tool for nanomanufacturing”, . Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering, Instrumentation Metrology and Standards for nanomanufacturing, Vol. 6648 (2007) Schrlau, M., Brailoiu, E., Patel, S., Gogotsi, Y., Dun. J., & Bau, H.H. (2008). Carbon nanopipettes characterize calcium release pathways in breast cancer cells. Nanotechnology, Vol. 19, No. 32, (July 2008), 325102, ISSN 1361-6528 Scipioni, L., Sanford, C., Notte, J., Thompson, B.,& McVey, S. (2009). Understanding imaging modes in the helium ion microscope. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, Vol. 76, No. 6 (November-December 2009), pp. (3250-3255), ISSN 1520-8567 Shenoy, D.K., Thomsen III, D.L., Srinivasanb, A., Kellerc, P., & Ratna, B.R. (2002). Carbon coated liquid crystal elastomer film for artificial muscle applications. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 96, No. 2-3, (February 2002), pp. (184-188), ISSN: 0924-424 Sutter Instruments. (2008). P-97 Pipette cookbook (Rev. D). Retrieved from www.sutter.com Utke, I., Hoffmann, P., Melngailis, J. (2008). Gas-assisted focused electron beam and ion beam processing and fabrication. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 26, pp.(1197-1272), ISSN ISSN 0734-211X Verpoorte, E., & De Rooig, N.F. (2003). Microfluidics meets MEMS. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 91, No. 6 (June 2003), pp. (930 - 953), ISSN: 0018-9219 Voldman, J., Gray, M.L.,& Schmidt, M.A. (1999) Microfabrication in Biology and Medicine. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 01, (August 1999), pp. (401–425), ISSN:1523-9829 Walter, E., Dreher, D., Kok, M., Thiele, L., Kiama, S.G., Gehr, P., & Merkle, H.P. (2001). Hydrophilic poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres for the delivery of DNA to human-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. Journal of Controlled Release, Vol. 76, No.1-2, (Setember 2001), pp. (149–168), ISSN: 0168-3659 Weibel, D.B., DiLuzio, W.R., & Whitesides, G.M. (2007). Microfabrication meets microbiology. Nature Reviews Microbiology, Vol. 5, No. 3, (March 2007), pp. (209- 218), ISSN: 1740-1526 Yaul, M., Bhatti, R., & Lawrence, S. (2008) Evaluating the process of polishing borosilicate glass capillaries used for fabrication of in - vitro fertilization (iVF) micro-pipettes. Biomedical Microdevices, Vol. 10, No. 1, (February 2008), pp. (123-128), ISSN: 1387- 2176 Yoshida, N., & Perry, A. C. F. (2007). Piezo-actuated mouse intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Nature Protocols, Vol. 2, No. 2, (March 2007) pp. (296-304), ISSN: 1754-2189
1. Introduction 13 Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications and Their Safety Concerns Jonghoon Choi 1 and Nam Sun Wang 2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA In this chapter, we will discuss the fate of nanoparticles when they are introduced into a system. Recent advances in synthesis and functionalization of nanoparticles have brought a significant increase in their biomedical applications, including imaging of cell and tissues, drug delivery, sensing of target molecules, etc. For example, iron oxide nanoparticles (Feridex) have been clinically administered as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their superb magnetic properties provide a significant contrast of tissues and cells where particles were administered. The use of Feridex as a MRI contrast agent enables a facile diagnosis of cancers in diverse organs in their early stages of development. As the range of different nanoparticles and their biomedical applications continue to expand, safety concerns over their use have been growing as well, leading to an increasing number of research on their in vivo toxicity, hazards, and biodistributions. While the number of studies assessing in vivo safety of nanoparticles has been increasing, a lack of understanding persists on the mechanisms of adverse effects and the distribution pathways. It is a challenge to correlate reports on one type of particles to reports on other types due to their intrinsic differences in the physical properties (particle size, shape, etc.) and chemical properties (surface chemistry, hydrophobicity, etc.), methods of preparation, and their biological targets (cells, tissues, organs, animals). Discrepancies in experimental conditions among different studies is currently bewildering the field, and there exists a critical need to arrive at a consensus on a gold standard of toxicity measure for probing in vivo fate of nanoparticles. This chapter summarizes recent studies on in vivo nanoparticle safety and biodistribution of nanoparticles in different organs. An emphasis is placed on a systematic categorization of reported findings from in vivo studies over particle types, sizes, shapes, surface functionalization, animal models, types of organs, toxicity assays, and distribution of particles in different organs. Based on our analysis of data and summary, we outline agreements and disagreements between studies on the fate of nanoparticles in vivo and we arrive at general conclusions on the current state and future direction of in vivo research on nanoparticle safety.
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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING - FROM THEOR
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VI Contents Chapter 9 Targeted Magn
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180 16. Acknowledgments Biomedical
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190 R* M M M M MR*M O O O O M O R*
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