Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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274 Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications Yang Y., Kim K-H & Ong J. L. (2005). A review on calcium phosphate coatings produced using a sputtering process—an alternative to plasma spraying. Biomaterials, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 327-337, ISSN 0142-9612. Zhang C., Leng Y., Chen J. (2001), amorphous and recristallisation during plasma spraying of hydroxyapatite, Biomaterials, Vol. 22, No 11, pp. 1357 -1363. Zeng H. & Lacefield W.R. (2000). XPS, EDX and FTIR analysis of pulsed laser deposited calcium phosphate bioceramic coatings: the effects of various process parameters. Biomaterials, Vol. 21, No 1, pp. 23-30, ISSN 0142-9612.
12 Micro-Nano Technologies for Cell Manipulation and Subcellular Monitoring 1. Introduction M.J. Lopez-Martinez 1,2 and E.M. Campo 1,3 1 IMB-CNM CSIC 2 University of Groningen, 3 University of Pennsylvania, 1 Spain 2 Netherlands 3 US Currently, mechanistic and biological phenomena within the cellular level are not well understood (Bao & Suresh, 2003) and the evolution of those during disease or treatment is also unclear. Cells are complex structures with nuclei and organelles, whose dimensions require the development of micro and nanotechnologies for effective manipulation and monitoring. Indeed, sizes of nuclei vary from 3 to 7 µm for differentiated cells. In embryos, nuclei are not surrounded by a membrane although the genetic material is mostly compounded in a 9µm diameter region. Other organelles, with specific functions in eukaryotic cells like mithocondria, can have smaller sizes (1 µm). In addition, histologists know that important parameters such as pH or Ca/Na/K concentration can greatly vary locally within the cytoplasmic region. Recently, Weibel (Weibel et al., 2007) argued the need for microbiology to evolve into a quantitative field. The argument predicted the development of microsystem tools to enable individual cell manipulation, growth, and the study of subcellular organization, while mechanisms of differentiation and communication between cells would be unveiled. Indeed, current research efforts aim at investigating the genetic, biochemical, and behavioural differences among cells. On-going development of microstructures to quantitatively study parameters within single cells will lead to a thorough understanding of subcellular activity, including pathogenesis with an unprecedented level of detail. In addition, these efforts will pave the way for highlyeffective, cell-tailored, drug delivery. The problems are of course how to effectively manipulate cells, how to position a sensor at specific locations within the cell, and even how to penetrate the different organelles, as depicted in Figure 1. This chapter will review current concerns on cell manipulation and recent developments in micro and nanofabrication technologies aiming at the increased functionality of cellular tools. 2. Microfabrication technologies for cellular handling A first step in the study of cells inevitably starts by designing tools and protocols for cell handling, as the manipulation of the uttermost external membranes in life cells are likely to
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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING - FROM THEOR
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VI Contents Chapter 9 Targeted Magn
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X Preface stand-alone and readers c
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108 Method (Detection) CIEF-tITP-CZ
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110 Method (Detection) Analyte Matr
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120 6. Conclusion Biomedical Engine
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150 5. Conclusions Biomedical Engin
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162 1 st phase : half year 4 2 nd p
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166 7. Innovative active training B
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172 12. Maturing projects’ story
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180 16. Acknowledgments Biomedical
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190 R* M M M M MR*M O O O O M O R*
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196 Fig. 9. Chemical structure of 5
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198 Relative Intensity (AU) Biomedi
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204 2. Preparation of IO nanopartic
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454 In this case, the eigenvalues a
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456 where Biomedical Engineering -
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472 Nb b b l l1 Biomedical Engineer
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478 Load F (μN) Parallel-oriented
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Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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