Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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224 Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications Zhou, Z. H., J. Wang, et al. (2001). "Synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles from emulsions." Journal of Materials Chemistry 11(6): 1704-1709.
1. Introduction 10 An Ancient Model Organism to Test In Vivo Novel Functional Nanocrystals Claudia Tortiglione Istituto di Cibernetica “E. Caianiello”, National Research Council of Italy, Italy Scientific research largely depends on technological tools. If molecular biology allowed to manipulate the genome of complex organisms to investigate gene function, today nanotechnologies allow to synthesize objects at the same size scale as that of biological molecules, permitting the exploration of biological phenomena and dynamics at single molecule scale with unprecedented spatial precision and temporal resolution. Thanks to their superior physico-chemical and optoelectronic properties, colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NC), such as Quantum Dots (QD) and Quantum Rods (QR) have become attracting for investigators of different scientific fields. Their employment spans from electronics (tunable polarized lasers and organic–inorganic hybrid solar cells) (Hu et al., 2001; Huynh et al., 2002), to biology and medicine (biosensors, imaging and diagnostic contrast agents) (Alivisatos et al., 2005; Bruchez et al., 1998; Medintz et al., 2005). Recent advances in NC engineering, from synthesis to biofunctionalization, are being exploited to produce innovative nanodevices for drug delivery, gene silencing, hyperthermia treatments. However, their great potential to revolutionise basic and applied research founds its major concern in the lack of knowledge about their effects on biological systems, ranging from single cells to whole animals (Maynard et al., 2006). Nanocrystals size compares to that of biological molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes) and might interfere with the physiology/behaviour of the target living cell/animal, leading to unpredictable effects . Among the factors to consider to predict the interaction of metal based nanocrystals with biological materials the core and the shell composition, the size and the surface charge of NC play crucial roles (Jiang et al., 2008). At the nanoscale, materials display properties profoundly different form their corresponding bulk chemicals, which may induce peculiar cellular responses, elicit several pathways of internalization, genetic networks, biochemical signalling cascades (Auffan et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2008; Demir E, 2010). The metal based core may adversely affect cell viability, unless properly shielded by surface coatings. Currently, increasing data addressing this important question relies on cell culture systems, and are focussed on the identification of the physicochemical parameters influencing the exposed cells (Hoshino and Yasuhara, 2004; Lewinski et al., 2008; Lovric et al., 2005b). Although cultured cells represent valid models to describe basic interactions with nanomaterials, they do not fulfil the in vivo response complexity. It is a priority of the scientific community to evaluate the impact of novel nanostructrured materials in vivo, at level of whole animals (Fischer and Chan, 2007), and invertebrates
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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING - FROM THEOR
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VI Contents Chapter 9 Targeted Magn
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120 6. Conclusion Biomedical Engine
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162 1 st phase : half year 4 2 nd p
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172 12. Maturing projects’ story
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454 In this case, the eigenvalues a
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Biomedical Engineering – From Theory to Applications

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