Two Approaches To Adlerian Brief Therapy - Buncombe County ...
Two Approaches To Adlerian Brief Therapy - Buncombe County ...
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<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 1<br />
Running head: TWO APPROACHES TO ADLERIAN BRIEF THERAPY<br />
Relational Strategies: <strong>Two</strong> <strong>Approaches</strong> to <strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong><br />
James Robert Bitter<br />
East Tennessee State University<br />
William G. Nicoll, Ph.D.<br />
Florida Atlantic University
Abstract<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 2<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> is a specific approach to Individual Psychology<br />
that uses relational strategies to bring about effective change in the lives of<br />
individuals, groups, couples and families (Bitter, Christensen, Hawes, & Nicoll,<br />
1998; Sonstegard, Bitter, Pelonis-Peneros, & Nicoll, 2001). In this article, the<br />
authors discuss a relationship – intervention continuum as an integration of two<br />
approaches. A therapy session demonstrating <strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> with<br />
individuals is used to highlight the integration.
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 3<br />
Relational Strategies: <strong>Two</strong> <strong>Approaches</strong> to <strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong><br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> is a specific application of Individual Psychology<br />
that we have introduced and described elsewhere (Bitter & Nicoll, 2000).<br />
Individual Psychology provides the foundation for how we think about clients<br />
and the therapeutic process. We believe that all behavior is rooted in socially<br />
constructed meaning and is only understandable with reference to its socially<br />
embedded context. Human behavior and human interactions are best<br />
understood teleologically, as goal-oriented. Indeed, the central human goal<br />
reflects one’s idiosyncratic striving to belong and to complete, actualize, or<br />
perfect oneself; it is this striving that unifies the personality. In general, people<br />
who find a place within the human community and are interested in the well-<br />
being of others tend to do better than those who are self-absorbed, and/or feel<br />
disconnected or alienated. They develop what Adler called “psychological<br />
tolerance” (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 243) and are able to meet the<br />
challenges of life rather than seek the perceived safety of psychological retreat<br />
(Adler, 1996a/1935, 1996b/1935). <strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> therapy is based on an<br />
understanding of lifestyle, the individual’s socially constructed meaning and<br />
pattern of living, and a commitment to holistic, systemic, and teleological<br />
assessments and treatment. These core <strong>Adlerian</strong> beliefs also form the foundation<br />
for integrating other models and interventions into our work (Nicoll, 1999).<br />
There are five considerations that keep therapeutic processes brief: (a)<br />
time-limitation, (b) focus, (c) counselor directiveness and optimism, (d)
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 4<br />
symptoms as solutions, and (e) the assignment of behavioral tasks. These five<br />
aspects have been described as a foundation for <strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> (Nicoll,<br />
Bitter, Christensen, & Hawes, 2000). The two of us differ to some extent upon the<br />
relative emphases that should be given to a definitive time limitation, counselor<br />
directiveness, and the assignment of behavioral tasks. We both agree, however,<br />
that focused work will tend to keep therapy brief, that non-organic symptoms are<br />
the client’s solution to a personal problem, and that motivation modification is the<br />
goal when both directive interventions and behavioral tasks are used. Of the five<br />
dimensions, therapeutic focus is the most critical to successful therapy.<br />
In <strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong>, two foci anchor therapeutic interventions: (a) a<br />
focus on who the person is and (b) a focus on what the person wants from therapy.<br />
This dual focus can be viewed as two points on a line, leading to a directional<br />
question: How does the person move from their current life position toward the<br />
preferred or desired position?<br />
If we start with who the person is, there are specific <strong>Adlerian</strong> assessments<br />
that tend to yield an immediately useful and holistic understanding of the<br />
individual. Among these assessments are the presentation of self and concerns;<br />
the individual’s interpretation of place within her or his original family<br />
constellation (family system); developmental processes and the tasks of life; and<br />
early recollections (see Adler, 1958; Bitter, Christensen, Hawes, & Nicoll, 1998;<br />
Bitter & Nicoll, 2000; Dreikurs, 1997). Taken together, the data collected from<br />
these assessments constitute what <strong>Adlerian</strong>s call a lifestyle assessment (Eckstein &
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 5<br />
Baruth, 1996; Powers & Griffith, 1987, 1995/1986; Shulman & Mosak, 1988). Such<br />
assessments are holistic, systemic, and often produce an initial narrative of the<br />
individual’s movement through life (Disque & Bitter, 1998).<br />
Integrating a time limitation into therapy reflects the reality that therapists<br />
meet people in the middle of their lives, and they say “goodbye” to them in the<br />
middle of their lives. There is an implied agreement in a brief therapy contract:<br />
In a relatively short period of time it is possible to make a significant difference<br />
in one’s style of living and coping. There is optimism in the contract that stems<br />
from a belief in the client’s ability to change or improve a personal life situation.<br />
While <strong>Adlerian</strong>s do not always define the exact number and duration of sessions<br />
with a client, when we do, therapeutic work progresses more quickly, staying<br />
focused on collaboratively chosen outcomes.<br />
The process within sessions often resembles a meeting of minds and<br />
hearts. While some therapists choose to focus on the heart and some on<br />
strategies for change, effectiveness—especially within a brief therapy<br />
framework—requires balance and the recognition that “therapeutic relationship”<br />
and “client change” are intimately connected. For the time devoted to therapy,<br />
the therapist’s focus is on being fully present with clients. We ask ourselves<br />
recurrently: “Where are we going . . . and with whom?”<br />
Given these foci, there are obviously some similarities between solution-<br />
focused therapy and the <strong>Adlerian</strong> model (La Fountain, 1996; La Fountain &<br />
Garner, 1998; Watts & Pietrzak, 2000; Watts & Shulman, in press). There is,
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 6<br />
however, at least one significant difference. Solution-focused therapists assume<br />
that expressed, preferred outcomes are really desired by the client. The Miracle<br />
Question (de Shazer, 1988) was designed to help clients construct intended<br />
outcomes: “If a miracle happened tonight and you woke up with the problem<br />
solved, or you were reasonably confident you were on a track to solving it, what<br />
would you be doing differently?” (Walter & Peller, 1992, p. 78). Any answer to<br />
this question may seem like a desired outcome that can serve as both a goal and<br />
focus of therapy. If it is, however, why do counselors who ask some variation of<br />
this question seem to run into so much resistance when attempting to help clients<br />
reach the goals they have articulated? [See Berg, 1993; O’Hanlon, 1995]<br />
In 1929, Adler (1964) developed “The Question,” an intervention that<br />
Dreikurs (1997) later re-phrased as “What would you be doing if you didn’t have<br />
these symptoms or problems?” Unlike modern solution-focused therapists,<br />
however, Dreikurs believed that presenting problems were often the solutions<br />
that the client had chosen in order to avoid or retreat from the larger life tasks of<br />
social responsibility, occupation, and intimacy. <strong>Adlerian</strong>s use “The Question” to<br />
assess which task(s) the client is choosing to avoid.<br />
“If I weren’t depressed, I would enjoy going to work. I would be able to<br />
focus on the projects I have been given, and I would meet deadlines that would<br />
bring the company recognition. And I would probably do so well, I would be<br />
promoted.” Such an answer sounds like a goal the client actually has, but<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong>s suspect that the individual actually lacks the courage to face the
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 7<br />
demands of work. If perfection is the perceived requirement for promotion, then<br />
failure seems all too imminent. In a psychology of use (Ansbacher & Ansbacher,<br />
1956), depression is the client’s solution when faced with the perceived<br />
possibility of failure: It serves as an excuse for the client’s retreat from the<br />
occupational life task.<br />
<strong>To</strong>ward a Relationship – Intervention Continuum<br />
Therapeutic relationship has a direct influence on therapeutic<br />
interventions and therapeutic outcomes. Those interventions that connect the<br />
client to both internal and external resources tend to empower the individual and<br />
encourage movement in therapy. The therapist may initially be the only external<br />
resource the client has. A quality relationship is based on mutual respect,<br />
requires an interest in and fascination with the client and what she or he brings<br />
to therapy, and is facilitated by a collaboration that seeks to make an immediate<br />
difference in the client’s life. When the therapist and client arrive at strategies for<br />
change at about the same time, resistance is all but non-existent and motivation<br />
is high.<br />
For example, in a session where a mother is struggling with what to do<br />
when her child throws a temper tantrum, she realizes that yelling at him to “stop<br />
yelling” is not effective. Instead of giving a direct recommendation, the therapist<br />
explores the possibilities already available to her.<br />
Therapist: So doing something that doesn’t involve speaking or talking<br />
might be useful to you.
Client: Yes. I don’t want to hear myself like that.<br />
Therapist: What do you want to do?<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 8<br />
Client: (gesturing as if to wrap her child in her arms) I just want to<br />
hold him.<br />
Therapist: So when you feel calm in the face of his tantrum, you would<br />
Client: Yes.<br />
go to him, wrap him in your arms, say nothing, and just hold<br />
him until he is calm with you.<br />
One way to think about the therapeutic relationship in <strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong><br />
<strong>Therapy</strong> is through the use of the acronym, PACE. This acronym also speaks to<br />
the rhythms and flow of therapy. P stands for purpose, a concept that is central to<br />
the <strong>Adlerian</strong> model. It includes a focus on what purpose(s) the client has for<br />
therapy; the motivations for behaviors, emotions, convictions, and beliefs<br />
maintained in daily living; and even what goals may be involved in interactions<br />
between the client and therapist (Mosak, 1977). A stands for awareness and is<br />
related to the level of attention that both the therapist and the client bring to their<br />
work. Awareness is both the alpha and omega of experience (Polster & Polster,<br />
1996): It focuses attention so that experience is no longer non-conscious, and it<br />
brings experience into a resolution or a reflection—and sometimes, even a<br />
celebration. In this sense, insight is simply one form of awareness. C stands for<br />
contact and includes the quality of contact between the therapist and the client as
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 9<br />
well as the quality of the contact the client has with self, with others, and with<br />
the environments in which he or she lives. The constructs of awareness and<br />
contact are well defined within the work of the Gestalt therapists, Erv and<br />
Miriam Polster (1973, 1999). E stands for experience, which both flows from<br />
relationship and provides the interventions and transitions for therapeutic<br />
change. It is not uncommon for a focus on purpose, awareness, or contact to<br />
evolve into therapeutic interventions, strategies for change, experiments,<br />
enactments, or even homework, any of which may lead to the integration of new<br />
experiences in the client’s life.<br />
The question of what makes a new experience useful or even therapeutic<br />
can be addressed through another acronym, BURP, which has been described in<br />
greater detail by Nicoll et al. (2000). B stands for strategies related to behavioral<br />
descriptions. From an optimistic interest in presenting issues [“What would you<br />
like to see going better in your life?”] to recurrent patterns, <strong>Adlerian</strong>s focus on<br />
what people do, how they feel, and the results of these processes in interactive<br />
experiences. Such questions as “when was the last time this occurred?” or “what<br />
happens when you feel . . . ?” or “who is most affected when you feel . . . ?” focus<br />
the client on movement and process rather than helplessness.<br />
Individual purposes are often revealed in the responses that others have<br />
to what the client does. “I was depressed all the time at the university. When I<br />
went home, my parents took care of me, and I slowly got better. I don’t feel
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 10<br />
much like going back.” Such a statement suggests that having someone take care of<br />
the client may be one of the goals of the depression.<br />
A second strategy is actually an investigation: U stands for understanding<br />
the client’s underlying rules of interaction. <strong>Adlerian</strong>s believe that all behavior is<br />
social in nature: It is enacted in social systems and gains meaning in interaction.<br />
The client’s rules of interaction guide the client’s movement or style of living<br />
through daily life; these rules also comprise the client’s perspective on self,<br />
others, the world, and life, itself. Since the rules of interaction start to form when<br />
people are very young, <strong>Adlerian</strong>s use birth order and family constellations,<br />
developmental processes and life task assessments, and early recollections, to<br />
name a few, as avenues of investigation (Carlson & Slavik, 1997; Mosak &<br />
Maniacci, 1998; Sweeney, 1998). Whatever the assessment process, meaning is<br />
shared with the intent of a conscious consideration of the function of underlying<br />
rules, past and present, through a process Nicoll (1999) calls “active wondering.”<br />
“I’m not sure here, but I can’t help but wonder if perhaps sometimes your<br />
depressive episodes don’t also work for you a little in helping you avoid difficult<br />
situations and mobilizing others to take care of you” (Nicoll et al., 2000, p. 236).<br />
R stands for re-orientation. Re-orientation is the process of helping clients<br />
to consider a new perspective. It aims at enlarging the awareness of clients so<br />
that they can think about and intend solutions in a manner that is different than<br />
the thinking that generated “the problem” in the first place. Reframing, re-
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 11<br />
labeling, normalization, generating hope and options, and uses of humor,<br />
metaphors, and even storytelling all enhance the re-orientation process (Nicoll,<br />
1999; Watts & Carlson, 1999). Whatever the intervention, <strong>Adlerian</strong>s aim to<br />
change more than mere behavior; re-orientation seeks to shift rules of interaction,<br />
process, and motivation. Such shifts are often facilitated through specific<br />
changes in awareness, contact, and experience that take place within a<br />
counseling session but which are transformed into action outside of the session.<br />
Therapist: Do you know why people always seem to provoke you into<br />
getting angry?<br />
Client: Because I’m not liked.<br />
Therapist: I have a different idea. Could it be that people know you<br />
“go off” easily, and they want to see it happen. Maybe they<br />
sense this rule you have: that “no one gets to tell you what to<br />
do and get away with it!!!”<br />
Client: Yeah, I think that does happen . . . all the time, actually.<br />
P stands for prescribing new behaviors or behavioral rituals. Behavioral<br />
rituals involve regularly repeated actions that maintain human interactions or<br />
patterns and their underlying rules of interaction. In this sense, family, school,<br />
religion, and society all enact routines, ritual behaviors, and celebrations that<br />
serve the function of reinforcing or reaffirming their cultural worldview and
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 12<br />
eliminating alternative positions (Foucault, 1980). Similarly, client symptoms<br />
and life problems are often enacted as rituals, making their power and necessity<br />
seem overwhelming. In <strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong>, new behaviors or rituals are<br />
additive. While “prescribed” behaviors or rituals are most often developed<br />
collaboratively with the client, we want them to (a) directly impact the client’s<br />
underlying rules and (b) enhance the individual’s ability to act with social<br />
interest and in socially useful ways.<br />
<strong>To</strong> continue with the example above:<br />
Therapist: What would you be doing if you were demonstrating your<br />
determination not to get angry when provoked?<br />
Client: Well, I just wouldn’t do anything.<br />
Therapist: Yes, but what would you be doing instead.<br />
Client: Smiling at them, I guess.<br />
Therapist: As if to say . . .<br />
Client: Nice try, but you don’t get me this time.<br />
Therapist: Yes, “nice try.” It’s a perfect internal response.<br />
Here is a summary of how PACE and BURP can be used in therapy:
Place Table 1 About Here<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 13<br />
When we consider these two foci together, they form a relationship –<br />
intervention continuum that can be displayed as follows:<br />
Place Figure 1 About Here<br />
While any of the considerations and interventions on the continuum<br />
might be used at any time in therapy, purpose and behavioral descriptions tend<br />
to be early considerations, and they have a recursive relationship with each<br />
other. Similarly, considerations and interventions around awareness, contact,<br />
and the understanding and reorientation of underlying rules tend to happen in<br />
the middle of therapy. We also try to create or co-create new experiences in<br />
therapy as a foundation for reorientation and new behavioral rituals. Such<br />
experiences may include experiments or enactments integrated from other<br />
models.<br />
A Case Example<br />
The following session is a typescript of a taped demonstration of <strong>Adlerian</strong><br />
<strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> conducted at a national convention (Bitter, 2002)—with a signed<br />
release by the client. It has been edited for grammar and clarity of content.<br />
Names and places have been changed to provide some degree of anonymity.
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 14<br />
Commentaries in brackets have been added to highlight various aspects of<br />
relational interventions and strategies.<br />
Forming A Relationship<br />
Therapist: We’ve met before. Do you remember where?<br />
Client: Butte, Montana, I believe.<br />
Therapist: Butte. Ah, yes. And I met you this morning coming out of<br />
my hotel room door, because you’re across the hall from me.<br />
(Pause)<br />
So what would you like to see going better in your life? I’m<br />
not going to go into it right now. I’m just going to get a<br />
picture of it so I have a focus.<br />
Client: That’s the problem. I was thinking as I was coming here:<br />
“Gosh, I don’t know if I should be coming to you, because I<br />
don’t know who I am and I don’t know what I want.”<br />
Therapist: Okay, so would one way of thinking about it be that there is<br />
some confusion in your life?<br />
Client: Yes. [A possible, but undisclosed, purpose for confusion is that it<br />
keeps the person from moving, from having to make a decision, or<br />
taking a stand.]<br />
Therapist: Are you at a point where you like the confusion or where<br />
you would like some clarity?<br />
Client: No, I’d like some clarity, and I’d like to get things settled.
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 15<br />
Therapist: Okay. Is there anything that among a number of things that<br />
you would most like some clarity about or is it just<br />
amorphous to you?<br />
Client: Well, it’s a lot of things. You know, . . . what am I going to<br />
do when I grow up? I have just retired from my job, and I<br />
want to start another one. I want to start a private practice;<br />
and I want to write a book; and I want to do all these things;<br />
and my family is falling apart, and I’d like to re-establish my<br />
relationships with my family. [There are probably a number of<br />
things in this list that the client is not ready to face, e.g., starting a<br />
private practice, writing a book. The most potent aspect, however,<br />
is her sense that the family is falling apart, a declaration that<br />
deserves therapeutic focus.]<br />
Therapist: Okay. So there are some specifics to all of that, but a lot of it<br />
Client: Yes, it is.<br />
seems overwhelming at the moment.<br />
Therapist: Now could you tell me a little about you? Help me know<br />
you.<br />
Client: Well, let’s see. I don’t know where to start. [There is<br />
something in her tone of voice and the way she seems to be<br />
searching several pictures in her head that suggests she is looking<br />
for “the perfect” way to present herself.]
Therapist: Start at the worst possible place.<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 16<br />
Client: Well, I’m an old lady. I guess that’s as bad as you can get.<br />
I . . . [She starts with almost a depressing voice, in a monotone as if<br />
she is playing a tape. I want a shift in her awareness immediately,<br />
and I want to engage her, make contact, in a different manner.]<br />
Therapist: You know the problem is not that you are an old lady. The<br />
Client: Forty-five<br />
problem is that you are older than you want to be at this<br />
time. How old do you want to be?<br />
Therapist: Forty-five: one of my favorite years too. What was good<br />
about 45 for you?<br />
Client: Well, I don’t really know. I just said that. I guess I was kind<br />
of at peace with myself at that time when I think back on it.<br />
I was a school counselor and enjoying it. I loved the kids,<br />
and they loved me. I felt like I had a great life.<br />
Therapist: Okay, so regardless of what else might have been going on,<br />
there was contentment, and you knew what you were doing,<br />
so you had a sense of being capable. You had a sense of<br />
being useful and important and doing things of value and<br />
you knew how to do them. Comfort. Nice. So what is<br />
keeping that from happening now?
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 17<br />
Identifying the focus issue: Getting a behavioral description<br />
Client: I don’t know. I just feel unappreciated and unloved, and I<br />
don’t know. [This time, she speaks with real sadness in her voice,<br />
and I sense tears in her.]<br />
Therapist: And there’s some real sadness for you in that.<br />
Client: Yes.<br />
Therapist: Whom do you feel unappreciated by?<br />
Client: Just about everybody. [Her hurt is not global; it is specific, and<br />
I want to know the specifics.]<br />
Therapist: Of all the people you know who don’t appreciate you, who<br />
is most important you. Who have you lost that is most<br />
important?<br />
Client: My son.<br />
Therapist: Your son. Shall we stay with that for a while?<br />
Client: Ok.<br />
Therapist: Can you tell me a little about him and you, and what your<br />
relationship is like?<br />
Client: We were always very close. My son . . . I was divorced<br />
when he was six. I had another son who was four: so four<br />
and six. My older son kind of, I guess, took on the father<br />
role. I wasn’t aware of that at the time. I just went through<br />
life, and I didn’t think I was putting anything on him, but
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 18<br />
looking back on it, he thinks I did. [She is putting more<br />
importance on her son’s thoughts than her own. I want her to at<br />
least voice her own position.]<br />
Therapist: Um, hmm. What do you think now?<br />
Client: Well, I still don’t think I was putting anything on him. I<br />
think it was his choice.<br />
Therapist: So you’re in disagreement at this point.<br />
Client: But as we went through life, we were very close all the time.<br />
And when he moved back to Butte—after failing at his<br />
doctoral degree—we just did a lot of things together, and he<br />
kept inviting me. I’m not someone who would just invite<br />
myself places, and I guess that’s a bad thing, because I have<br />
to wait for everybody else to invite me.<br />
Therapist: You can wind up feeling lonely sometimes.<br />
Client: Yes. All the time. Anyway, he always invited me, and I<br />
always went. We had a great time. We liked the same kinds<br />
of things, and he was about my best friend, you know . . .<br />
really. My friends always told me that I was too close to<br />
him. [Again, someone else’s voice has been given preference over<br />
her own. I want to challenge that.]<br />
Therapist: Well, exactly what is too close?
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 19<br />
Client: Well, that’s what I have never been able to understand. It<br />
seems to me that family members can be close and do things<br />
together as long as it is…<br />
Therapist: You weren’t still diapering him.<br />
Client: No, no, and I wasn’t sleeping with him. <strong>To</strong> me it seemed<br />
okay.<br />
Therapist: Then why the hell did you listen to those people?<br />
Client: Well, I didn’t. And I kept going. And when I got my<br />
doctorate he helped me through it. I emailed him every<br />
paper I wrote, except my sex therapy papers.<br />
Therapist: [smiling with a twinkle in his eye] You have to draw the line<br />
somewhere.<br />
Client: [laughs] He would critique them and send them back to me,<br />
and I felt like I really had support there. He really<br />
supported me through my doctorate. I would have never<br />
made it without him, probably. And then, I came back to<br />
Montana, and we continued seeing each other from time to<br />
time and had fun together and so forth. All of the sudden,<br />
he got this girlfriend who hated me. I didn’t know she was<br />
even a girlfriend. She was someone he was helping out. She<br />
was quite a bit younger than he, and she needed a lot of<br />
help. So, he was helping her and still, when he would invite
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 20<br />
me to go places, I would go. And she would be there, too,<br />
and I just thought that was fine. And all of the sudden she<br />
just waylaid me and said I was just awful and that I just<br />
ruined my children and that he couldn’t stand on his own<br />
two feet.<br />
Therapist: What’d she want from you?<br />
Client: She wanted me to leave him alone. She said I called him too<br />
much. So I quit. I wouldn’t call him, except maybe once . . .<br />
[There is a pattern developing that suggests part of her rules of<br />
interactions: She wants to be a “good” person, and to be seen that<br />
way, no matter what. And a good person does not argue, disagree,<br />
fight, or even so much as stand up for herself. In her attempt to<br />
please everyone, she loses a sense of identity, a sense of self, and her<br />
even her voice.]<br />
Therapist: Now, why in God’s name would you give up a good fight<br />
like this?<br />
Client: Well, I didn’t want to ruin his life, and I thought if he wants<br />
her . . . [No one can really ruin someone else’s life without that<br />
person allowing it. So this is an opening for a shift in awareness, a<br />
re-orientation.]<br />
Therapist: You’re not that powerful.<br />
Client: Well, anyway, she still . . .
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 21<br />
Therapist: [smiling] You didn’t want to hear that one at all did you?<br />
Have you actually ruined anybody’s life?<br />
Client: I don’t think so.<br />
Therapist: Have you tried?<br />
Client: No.<br />
Therapist: So, not only have you not done it, but you haven’t put any<br />
effort into doing it. So we don’t even know if you’re any<br />
good at it or not. Well, let’s try the other end of it. Have you<br />
made anybody’s life worth living?<br />
Client: Well, yeah. I think I helped a lot of kids in the schools and<br />
parents.<br />
Therapist: So tell me a little about that. What do you do to help people<br />
have a good life.<br />
Client: Well, when I was an elementary counselor I helped lots of<br />
kids. I taught them things that they needed to know to be<br />
happy in their lives.<br />
Therapist: You know if I had a couple of days with you I would let you<br />
get by with that, but I’ve got really a short amount of time.<br />
So tell me what you did to help them. Concrete stuff.<br />
Client: Okay. I helped kids feel good about themselves.<br />
Therapist: How’d you do that?<br />
Client: I, um . . . that’s a good question.
Therapist: Thank you.<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 22<br />
Client: I was happy to see them. I enjoyed being with them, and I<br />
let them know that.<br />
Therapist: You were happy to see all of them?<br />
Client: Yeah, I was.<br />
Therapist: Even those trouble makers?<br />
Client: Yeah, I enjoyed those little troublemakers.<br />
Therapist: What’d you enjoy about the little devils?<br />
Client: I enjoyed their, what’s the word . . . their ability, their<br />
creativity, I guess.<br />
Therapist: So who was the most creative troublemaker you ever met?<br />
Client: Oh, boy.<br />
Therapist: You’re the oldest child in your family aren’t you?<br />
Client: No, I’m the youngest.<br />
Therapist: The youngest? Then you have no business having this<br />
perfectionism. Did you have nothing but derelicts above<br />
you? [Use of humor to facilitate therapeutic relationships also<br />
helps the client to step back and re-assess her rules of interaction.]<br />
Client: I had two brothers.<br />
Therapist: So you did have nothing but derelicts. Okay, we’ll just set a<br />
couple of ground rules. If I make the mistake, which I could,<br />
and say, “What’s the most, what’s the best, what’s the
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 23<br />
biggest?”: just ignore me. Just pick anything, because<br />
otherwise you will be searching your memory for the most<br />
important one, and I’m down to thirty minutes. So just pick<br />
one. Pick one of the great troublemakers of your time.<br />
Client: Ok. Well, I can remember way back in my very beginning<br />
years as a counselor. I was in Junior High, and this kid<br />
would come in to see me everyday, and he’d do that just to<br />
get out of class, but I really enjoyed being with him. The<br />
teachers hated him, so they were glad to get rid of him, and<br />
it turned out everybody was happy.<br />
Therapist: What did you do with him?<br />
Client: We just talked about whatever he wanted to talk about.<br />
Therapist: Mm, hmm. Did he trust you right away?<br />
Client: I think so.<br />
Therapist: Why?<br />
Client: Because I’m a trustworthy person. I don’t know.<br />
Therapist: Could be, but you must have done something to<br />
demonstrate that, because all the other people who looked<br />
like you were teachers, and he hated them.<br />
Client: That’s true. I guess I was probably a good excuse to get out<br />
of class.<br />
Therapist: What did you do?
Client: I listened to him.<br />
Therapist: Did you disagree with him?<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 24<br />
Client: Probably, I don’t really remember all that, but I just<br />
remember enjoying him. It made me feel important, and I<br />
liked that.<br />
Therapist: Ok. Now, did you ever have anyone who just hated you?<br />
Client: My son’s girlfriend.<br />
Therapist: Besides her.<br />
Client: No, I can’t think of anyone.<br />
Therapist: So this is a new experience for you.<br />
Client: Yeah, yeah I guess so.<br />
Therapist: So actually you don’t really have a lot of life experience on<br />
what to do with people who are really just obnoxious.<br />
Client: Right, but I’m getting it fast.<br />
Therapist: And fortunately you have a therapist that can help you with<br />
Client: Yeah.<br />
that, because I have a lot of experience being obnoxious.<br />
[Client laughs] Are you having fun yet?<br />
Therapist: Ok. I think you have something that you are going to have<br />
to decide. [The therapist moves from a playful interaction to a<br />
very serious discussion. The contrast focuses attention, heightens<br />
awareness, and augments the therapeutic contact.]
Client: Ok.<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 25<br />
Therapist: You are going to have to decide whether you want to still<br />
live or you want to just die and walk around until your body<br />
catches up.<br />
Client: I don’t understand.<br />
Therapist: Which part?<br />
Client: The whole thing.<br />
Therapist: Ok, to live, you’re going to have to become a person. And if<br />
Client: Hmm.<br />
you just want to die and wait until your body catches up,<br />
you can just do exactly what you’re doing.<br />
Therapist: Got any feel for which way you want to go?<br />
Client: I’d like to live.<br />
Therapist: Would you?<br />
Client: Um, hmm.<br />
Therapist: As a real person?<br />
Client: Um, hmm.<br />
Therapist: Okay.<br />
Client: Yeah, because I just feel like I’ve been meeting everyone<br />
else’s needs.<br />
Therapist: That’s right. You know what happens to somebody who<br />
spends her life pleasing everyone else?
Client: They don’t get pleased.<br />
Therapist: And what do people do with doormats?<br />
Client: They step on them.<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 26<br />
Therapist: Yeah. I probably have not said anything this hard to anyone<br />
Client: Um, hmm.<br />
in a long time. This is a hard thing for me to say to you, and<br />
I think it’s probably a hard thing for you to hear, isn’t it?<br />
Therapist: You see, initially I thought you were possibly grieving about<br />
Client: Quite true.<br />
the loss of your son, but now I know you were getting ready<br />
to grieve for the loss of yourself.<br />
Therapist: How old are you?<br />
Client: 65.<br />
Therapist: Only ten years older than me, and I’ll tell you something:<br />
you’re at the age, now, that, when I am your age, I plan on<br />
kicking butt and taking no prisoners. Now, what kind of<br />
person do you want to be?<br />
Client: I’ve always wanted to be bubbly. I’ve never been bubbly.<br />
And I envy people who are bubbly. [Note: “Bubbly” isn’t a<br />
behavioral description; it’s an evaluation.]<br />
Therapist: Do you? What do bubbly people do?
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 27<br />
Client: They can talk to everybody and say anything and not care<br />
what others think.<br />
Therapist: Can I stop for just a second?<br />
Client: Uh, huh.<br />
Therapist: I want to make a point here. This is just a gentler version of<br />
the question. What’s she afraid of? [With an audience, the<br />
therapist has an indirect means of talking to the client that at one<br />
and the same time lets her hear what is being suggested and also<br />
take a break from our work.]<br />
Audience: Rejection (comment from the audience).<br />
Therapist: Yes. She doesn’t have any confidence in her ability to be this<br />
person that she would like to be. She just spent probably a<br />
good 20+ years of her life watching all those people who do<br />
have it. She’s a measurer. She looks at it, and she says that’s<br />
them, this is me, and the gulf is too damn big to get over.<br />
Am I right?<br />
Client: That’s right.<br />
Therapist: Yeah. And so, if I start working with her right now on being<br />
a bubbly person, which of us is going to win that one? I<br />
think we need something else. Let’s see. It’ll help me if I can<br />
get a few small pieces of kind of objective stuff about you. Is<br />
that okay?
Client: Mm, hmm.<br />
A Psychological Investigation: Underlying rules of interaction<br />
Therapist: You said you are the youngest.<br />
Client: Mm, hmm.<br />
Therapist: Any miscarriages?<br />
Client: No.<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 28<br />
Therapist: Any daughters in your family besides you, or were you the<br />
only little princess everybody had?<br />
Client: I was just the princess.<br />
Therapist: Okay, who is closest to you in age?<br />
Client: My brother, Mark.<br />
Therapist: Mark? And how much older than you is he?<br />
Client: Four years.<br />
Therapist: And are you more like him or different from him?<br />
Client: Probably different.<br />
Therapist: In what way?<br />
Client: Well, he wasn’t as studious, and he was kind of slovenly.<br />
He was easy going.<br />
Therapist: He wasn’t as studious; he was slovenly; he was easy going.<br />
Client: I think I was kind of easy going, though.<br />
Therapist: I’ll help you with the other one if you want me to. He was<br />
bubbly. [Bad guess, but nothing lost.]
Client: Well no, but he wasn’t afraid of anybody.<br />
Therapist: Okay, so he made friends easily.<br />
Client: Yeah.<br />
Therapist: Did you find it hard making friends?<br />
Client: No.<br />
Therapist: So, how is he different?<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 29<br />
Client: Well, he had bad grammar. That’s another bad thing.<br />
Therapist: And who, besides you, had good grammar?<br />
Client: My brother, Dave, my older brother.<br />
Therapist: And Dave turned out to be what?<br />
Client: He’s a sign painter.<br />
Therapist: He’s a sign painter. Well, you need good grammar for that.<br />
Client: It’s amazing how many sign painters put bad grammar on<br />
their signs.<br />
Therapist: What does Mark do?<br />
Client: He’s a farmer.<br />
Therapist: So were you the first person in your family to get a college<br />
degree?<br />
Client: Mm, hmm.<br />
Therapist: Anyone celebrate that?<br />
Client: Yeah, and when I got my doctorate, my brother Dave came.<br />
Therapist: How about your family, your parents?
Client: My dad came to it.<br />
Therapist: Is he like Dave or like Mark?<br />
Client: He’s like Mark.<br />
Therapist: In what way?<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 30<br />
Client: He doesn’t like to dress up. He was a rancher or a farmer.<br />
Therapist: So you doctoral type people are a bit uppity for him?<br />
Client: No, he was always just very accepting of everybody.<br />
Therapist: He was? That’s nice. What about your mother?<br />
Client: My mother was very demanding. I never liked my mother<br />
much. Until I got married, and then I thought she was<br />
wonderful.<br />
Therapist: What changed?<br />
Client: She was very helpful.<br />
Therapist: In child rearing and that kind of stuff?<br />
Client: Yeah.<br />
Therapist: How did you find your husband?<br />
Client: We were in college together.<br />
Therapist: Did you go after him or him after you?<br />
Client: Well, he went after me, I guess.<br />
Therapist: So why did you give in?<br />
Client: Because somebody told me I should.
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 31<br />
Therapist: So someone told you that you should kind of get interested<br />
in the guy, and you caved in and did it. You got married<br />
right after college?<br />
Client: No, we got married when I was a sophomore.<br />
Therapist: Okay. Think back to when you were really young, and then<br />
I am going to stop doing my quasi-objective stuff. What’s<br />
something you remember from when you were really little?<br />
Client: Well, my very earliest memory was when I was just a<br />
toddler, and I remember we were at the ocean, and all the<br />
sudden the water was coming at me, and it scared me to<br />
death, and my dad picked me up.<br />
Therapist: And how did you feel?<br />
Client: I felt scared when the water was coming at me, but then<br />
daddy saved me.<br />
Therapist: Got any others?<br />
Client: One time we went camping. I was, I don’t know, 4 or 5, and<br />
we were . . . my brothers and my dad were out in the boat,<br />
and my mother and I were in camp, and I was wandering<br />
around from campground to campground, and I saw this . . .<br />
what had been a fire, and the ashes were just so soft. And I<br />
took off my shoes and waded through it barefoot, because I<br />
thought it would feel good on my feet.
Therapist: What happened?<br />
Client: My feet got burned.<br />
Therapist: How’d you feel?<br />
Client: Hurt.<br />
Therapist: Hurt. Okay, one last one.<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 32<br />
Client: Let me think. My mind’s blank. [pause] . . . I remember in<br />
first grade I was in a play, and it was a great big auditorium,<br />
and it was packed with people, and so I was talking really,<br />
really loud, and it was about mice running around. And I<br />
got up on this chair, stood on the chair, and I gave this long<br />
speech and realized it was the wrong one.<br />
Therapist: The wrong speech?<br />
Client: The wrong line. And so I yelled out “Oh no” and turned<br />
around and gave the right speech, the right line.<br />
Therapist: How’d you feel?<br />
Client: I felt . . . and everybody laughed . . . and I felt okay. I felt<br />
like I had fixed it.<br />
Therapist: Good for you. If you hadn’t had that memory, I would have<br />
been sitting here until we found one. You’ve been doing<br />
[interpreting early memories] for some time. What do you<br />
think about the first two memories you had?
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 33<br />
Client: Well, I’ve analyzed them and analyzed them. I can’t . . . I’m<br />
not sure. Maybe I want somebody to save me, or when I do<br />
things on my own, I get in trouble, and it hurts me.<br />
Therapist: Ok. I might have said it a little differently, but we’re in the<br />
same ballpark. What do you get from the third memory?<br />
Client: I can make mistakes, and I’m still okay.<br />
Re-orientation: Shifting the Underlying Rules<br />
Therapist: Now we’re at the critical juncture of life. If you would like<br />
Client: Okay.<br />
to be a person, you will have to spend more time with the<br />
third memory, and less with the other two, and if you want<br />
to be dead you have to join with the other two.<br />
Therapist: How would a really tough broad . . . ? (she smiles) You like<br />
this already don’t you? How would a really tough broad<br />
handle herself after she mistakenly tramps through the<br />
coals?<br />
Client: I don’t know, put on boots.<br />
Therapist: Yep, let’s say you didn’t have any. Let’s say you actually got<br />
yourself into it; you’re running across hot coals, and in the<br />
middle you realize this was a mistake, how does a tough<br />
broad handle it?<br />
Client: Get out of there.
Therapist: Yes, and?<br />
Client: Take care of my feet.<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 34<br />
Therapist: I’m going to tell you something an old teacher of mine told<br />
me back in 1975 just before I went out to do my first<br />
presentation on the Family Education Center before the<br />
world famous Kiwanis Club. He said to me, “Just go out<br />
and do it as if you know what you’re talking about.”<br />
And I said, “Yeah, but I don’t.”<br />
He said “Yes, but they don’t know that.”<br />
I said: “I don’t know if I have that confidence.<br />
He said, “You know when we were out tramping in that cow<br />
pasture the other night, and you stepped in stuff, and made<br />
a big deal out of it?”<br />
I said: “Yes.”<br />
He said: “Confidence is walking on as if you hadn’t done it.”<br />
Now, then, this is a secret about life. There is no such thing<br />
as a confident person: just those who are good at faking it,<br />
and those who aren’t.<br />
And the big problem, or at least part of the problem that<br />
you’ve had in life, is that you’ve had the illusion that there<br />
really are confident people out there: Somehow they’ve got<br />
it together, and you just can’t seem to do it. But you see
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 35<br />
you’ve got that third memory, and you’re in trouble, because<br />
even you know that you can. What were the strengths in<br />
that memory?<br />
Client: Being able to redirect.<br />
Therapist: That’s right.<br />
Client: Making people laugh.<br />
Therapist: Absolutely.<br />
Client: Speaking loud.<br />
Therapist: Yes!<br />
Client: Memorized two different lines.<br />
Therapist: You have options. What kept you from looking out at the<br />
audience and seeing a huge wave coming at you that was<br />
going to kill you?<br />
Client: I don’t know.<br />
Therapist: See if you can get there. Close your eyes for a second. Let’s<br />
go back. Put yourself on that stage. Just look out at those<br />
people. You can do that. You’re an elegant, beautiful, 65<br />
year old woman who can look out there and not be<br />
frightened by them. So, just take a look. What do you see?<br />
Client: Accepting people.<br />
Therapist: What do they look like?<br />
Client: They look the same as everybody.
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 36<br />
Therapist: They look the same as everybody. Now, up until a few<br />
weeks ago, you were the Will Rogers of Butte, Montana.<br />
You never met anybody you didn’t like and who didn’t like<br />
you. It’s true, isn’t it?<br />
Client: It’s more than a few weeks. It’s been several years. And my<br />
brother now is turned against me too. [Her last statement is<br />
an invitation to de-focus that the therapist cannot follow.]<br />
Therapist: Well, this is also true: When it rains it pours. The good news<br />
is that it also works the other way around. When you turn<br />
one thing around, whole bunches of things start to work out.<br />
Now, what were the skills that you used all those years in<br />
school counseling to win over everybody from the brilliant<br />
student to the snot? What were those skills that you used?<br />
Client: I just did what I could.<br />
Therapist: Like what?<br />
Client: I followed the rules.<br />
Therapist: That’s important. What else?<br />
Client: I reached out to others, and I was there for them.<br />
Prescribing new behavioral rituals through therapeutic experience<br />
Therapist: Okay, let’s try something. I will do a really bad version of<br />
Client: I hope not.<br />
your possible future daughter-in-law.
Therapist: And you do your skills.<br />
“You’ve ruined everything.”<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 37<br />
Client: [The client leans forward, takes a deep breath, and focuses.]<br />
Therapist: Now, before you start, I loved what you just did. What did<br />
Client: I moved in.<br />
you just do? [Performance is enhanced by awareness and full<br />
contact with oneself and one’s energy.]<br />
Therapist: Yes, what else?<br />
Client: I looked you in the eye.<br />
Therapist: Yes, what else?<br />
Client: I took a breath.<br />
Therapist: Yes, and that’s the difference between living and dying.<br />
Client: I don’t know.<br />
People who are living have to take a breath. So the first<br />
thing you do is take a breath in; then you lean forward, and<br />
you put all of your energy into your center just like you did.<br />
Now what do you have to say?<br />
Therapist: Start over. Because this is what your breath was like when I<br />
just asked you what you had to say. [Therapist takes in<br />
shallow breath and holds it.] I want you to breathe. Keep in<br />
mind you have been handling people just like this, even<br />
though they haven’t seemed like this: You’ve been handling
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 38<br />
people like this for 25 years. What do you have to say to this<br />
person?<br />
Client: I’m sorry you feel that way. If Gary is so bad, why do you<br />
like him?<br />
Therapist: Now, how does it feel for you to say that?<br />
Client: It gives me power.<br />
Therapist: Yes, and how’s it feel to say that?<br />
Client: It feels good.<br />
Therapist: What kind of good?<br />
Client: Well, I got it out.<br />
Therapist: What happens if it just stays in?<br />
Client: It just smolders there.<br />
Therapist: Yes. When you’re smoldering inside, are you living or<br />
dying?<br />
Client: Dying.<br />
Therapist: Okay, let’s carry it one step further.<br />
“Well, I don’t need you around. He’s hard enough for me as<br />
he is. I don’t need to tell you why I love him. After all, it’s<br />
not your business.”<br />
Client: [in her strongest, most centered voice] I realize that, but I<br />
want the best for my son, and I hope that you’re the best for<br />
him.
Therapist: Oooh. How’s that?<br />
Client: That was really hard.<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 39<br />
Therapist: Yes, but it was practically perfect. You just took my breath<br />
away. You don’t have to back down from any punk kid.<br />
You haven’t done it for 25 years, and no reason to do it now.<br />
The main thing is this: You already have everything you<br />
need inside you; you’ve always had it; and what’s left for<br />
you is to stop ignoring it and use it. You might want to<br />
practice a little bit, because you are a little rusty, but you<br />
aren’t dead. And then when you get done with your son,<br />
and his new friend, you start inviting other people to do<br />
things with you. You invite them and don’t wait for them to<br />
invite you, because, by God, you are worth having as a<br />
friend. How’s this been for you?<br />
Client: It’s been great.<br />
Therapist: You’ve been great.<br />
Client: Thank you.<br />
Therapist: You’re welcome.<br />
Concluding Remarks<br />
What happens with this client will depend a great deal on what she<br />
chooses to do when she gets back home. Finding one’s voice does not always<br />
equal the choice to use it. This is only one session. If there were an opportunity
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 40<br />
for more, the possibilities for change might generalize to other parts of her life<br />
and thereby reinforce and reaffirm a shift in her underlying rules of interaction<br />
and her motivations in living.<br />
The flow of this session reflects many of the aspects of therapy along the<br />
continuum that we prize. It starts by choosing a focus for the session, which is<br />
also to say, a purpose for therapy. The initial pace is a slow, careful, tight<br />
therapeutic sequence (Polster, 1987) in which the therapist follows the client as if<br />
considering each stitch in a developing tapestry. Yet, even within these<br />
sequences there are shifts that we have noted in the typescript that are chosen to<br />
interrupt the deadening of experience, enhance awareness, and bring the client<br />
into better contact with self and others. The movement from initial issue focus to<br />
a focus on the person to getting a behavioral description is, perhaps, the most<br />
common initiating process we use in <strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong>.<br />
Behavioral descriptions to be useful must be specific and concrete.<br />
Concrete descriptions highlight interaction, movement, style, and patterns in the<br />
person’s life. It is in her interactions with others, in the doing of life, that patterns<br />
of pleasing, “goodness,” and perfectionism emerge. The immediacy of brief<br />
therapy almost requires that there be some challenge to the usefulness of these<br />
embedded rules of interaction. Humor in the form of delight and play has two<br />
very useful dimensions: (a) It lightens the process by joining the client in<br />
common human folly, and (b) it provides a process and context against which a
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 41<br />
shift to a more serious intervention is instantly recognized (again, enhancing<br />
awareness).<br />
The interventions that asked the client to decide between living or dying,<br />
between becoming a real person or giving up, represented a real shift in the<br />
conversation from more playful to more serious, and it is literally the beginning<br />
of reorienting the rules. At the same time, the therapist also discloses that saying<br />
something so difficult and direct can be hard to hear, inviting the client to<br />
comment, if she wants to, on her experience of this intervention. She chooses not<br />
to comment, which is her prerogative. A short time later, it seems useful to note<br />
a fear of rejection she might have, but therapeutically, the counselor does not<br />
want two relatively hard disclosures in a row. In this case, there is an audience,<br />
and asking the audience “what the fear might be” allows the client to take the<br />
information in from another source. Further, since the therapist has turned his<br />
awareness and contact toward the audience, the client is allowed to breathe, to<br />
relax a little, and to settle briefly into observation.<br />
This relaxation in the flow of therapy is also facilitated by a shift to<br />
Dreikurs’ (1997) objective interview. In the middle of approaching new options<br />
and strategies for change, a challenge that can often feel overwhelming, the client<br />
is invited to regain the role of expert in her own life, to bring the counselor up-to-<br />
date on her family constellation, the family atmosphere, and her early<br />
recollections. Throughout this process, the therapist is gathering a sense of the<br />
strength that is in the client and in the client’s background. These will become
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 42<br />
the internal resources she needs in both a reorientation of her rules and the<br />
development of new behaviors, new interactions, and even new rituals.<br />
In this case, we are presented with a woman who has accomplished good<br />
breeding from humble beginnings, who has enjoyed the support of others and<br />
has come rather optimistically to expect it to continue, and who has an early<br />
memory of triumphing over adversity. It is a picture that does not fit with<br />
voiceless-ness in the face of her son and his partner. The weaving of re-discovered<br />
strengths into the practice of new behaviors creates a closing experience that can<br />
serve as a launching of a new sense of self into the world.<br />
Still, real change happens between sessions, not in therapy, itself. It is one<br />
thing to arrive together at a strategy for change. It is another to enact it. It takes<br />
courage (and encouragement) to bring what one learns in therapy to daily life.<br />
Further, almost nothing enacted in the real world goes exactly the way it is role-<br />
played in therapy. <strong>Adlerian</strong> brief therapists seek to establish in their clients a<br />
renewed faith in self as well as optimism and hope for their immediate and long-<br />
term futures. It is caring, however, that guarantees the client support and a safe<br />
return in a future session, no matter how the real world enactment has gone<br />
(Mosak & Maniacci, 1998).
References<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 43<br />
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Authors Notes<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> 47<br />
James Robert Bitter, Ed.D., is Professor of Counseling in the Department<br />
of Human Development & Learning at East Tennessee State University. He is<br />
the past editor of the Journal of Individual Psychology, and his many publications<br />
include articles on family mapping and family constellation, created memories<br />
versus early recollections, and family reconstruction. He was associated with<br />
Virginia Satir for the last ten years of her life and is a past President of her<br />
AVANTA Network of trainers. Jim has also studied with the Gestalt therapists,<br />
Erv and Miriam Polster.<br />
William G. Nicoll, Ph.D., is Professor in the Department of Counselor<br />
Education at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida. He also serves<br />
as President of the <strong>Adlerian</strong> Training Institute, Inc. and has served as the<br />
national trainer in <strong>Brief</strong> Counseling for the American Counseling Association’s<br />
national professional development program. He has provided training in<br />
<strong>Adlerian</strong> based interventions across the United States as well as Europe, Asia,<br />
Latin America and Africa. He has also recently produced a video demonstration<br />
of <strong>Adlerian</strong> <strong>Brief</strong> <strong>Therapy</strong> that is available through the <strong>Adlerian</strong> Training<br />
Institute in Boca Raton, Florida.