M.Sc. Marine Biology and Fisheries SYLLABUS - Andhra University ...

M.Sc. Marine Biology and Fisheries
SYLLABUS – FIRST SEMESTER
Paper 1.1 : Physical Oceanography
- Dimensions of Oceans. Physical properties: Light, temperature, salinity, density
and pressure distribution in the oceans. Thermal and optical properties of sea
water. Water masses.
- Currents: General characteristics, effects of fields of pressure, gravity and mass.
Relative currents, wind currents, upwelling and sinking.
- Tides: tide-producing forces and tide characteristics. Circulation patterns and
currents in the India ocean. Major currents of the world oceans.
- Ocean-land-atmospheric interactions: Monsoons, cyclones, anticyclones
- Oceanography – Remote sensing techniques.
Books:
1. Svedrup, H.U.; Johnson, M.W. & R.H. Fleming. The Oceans, Prentice Hall,
1942.
2. Tait, R.V.,Elements of Marine Ecology, 2 nd edition, Butterworths, 1972.
3. Pickard. G.L., Descriptive physical – Oceanography, Pergamon Press, 1963.
4. King, C.A.H., Introduction to Physical and Biological oceanography, ELBS Ltd.,
London, 1975.

Paper 1.2: Biological Oceanography-I
- The sea as a Biological environment: classification of marine environment;
general characters of the populations of the primary biotic divisions (plankton,
nekton and benthos).
- Introduction of plankton; general classification and composition of plankton;
floating mechanism of plankton.
- Collection of plankton; general account of instruments and nets employed;
methods of fixation and preservation of plankton; analysis of samples,
methods of estimating standing crop of plankton.
- Plankton in relation to fisheries; general account.
- Distribution of plankton in space and time; horizontal distribution; neritic and
oceanic plankton; geographical distribution; indicator species. Vertical
distribution of plankton, vertical migration ; seasonal changes in plankton.
-
Text Books / Reference Books:
1. Angel, M.V.Biological Oceanography, Methuen, 1975
2. Friendrich, H., Marine Biology Sidgwick & Jackson, 1969.
3. Nair, N.B. & D.M. Thampy, A text book of Marine Biology, Macmillan, 1980.
4. Ryamont, J.E.G., Plankton and productivity in Oceans. Vel. 1: Phytoplankton,
Vol.II, Zooplankton, Pergamon Press, 1980.
5. Ekman, S., Zoogeography of the Sea, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1953.
6. Parsons, T.R. Takahashi, M. And B. Hargrave, Biological Oceanographic
processes, Pergamon, 1977.

Paper 1.3 : Marine Ecology
- The shore environment. Physico-chemical and biological factors of intertidal
zone. Distribution of life on rocky shores, sandy shores and muddy shores.
Zonation and adaptation of organisms in the intertidal habitats.
- Zoogeography of the marine environment with special reference to the Indo-west
Pacific. Coral reef ecology: Special features of coral reef habitats and
distribution of coral reef organisms. Mangrove systems: Special features of
mangrove habitats and distribution of plants and animals in mangrove
ecosystems.
- Benthos: Distribution of shallow water benthic organisms. Distribution and
adaptation of deep-sea benthic organisms. Hadal fauna. Larval ecology:
general patterns of breeding in marine animals and settlement of larvae of
benthic invertebrates. Marine animal associations: commensalisms symbiosis
and parasitism.
Text Books/Reference Books:
1. J.R.Clark, Integrated management of Coastal Zones, FAO fish Tech, Rep. Paper
327, 1992.
2. R.W.G. Carter, Coastal Environment, Academic Press, 1989.
3. Marshall N.B., Aspects of deep sea biology, Hutchinson, 1954.
4. Ekman S., Zoogeography of the sea, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1977.
5. Green J., Biology of estuarine animals, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1968.
6. Mc Lusl, D.S.Ecology of estuaries, Hinmann, 1971.
7. Newell, R.C., Biology of intertidal animals, Lagos Press, 1970.
8. Kinne O. (Ed), Marine Ecology Vol. I to V.John Wiley & Sons, 1980-1985.

Paper 1.4: Biology of Marine Organisms-I
- Nutrition: Types of food, general mechanisms of feeding; transport of food
through gut: digestion, digestive enzymes.
- Excretion – Nitrogen excretion; mode of nitrogen excretion, Elimination of
nitrogenous waste.
- Respiration respiratory mechanisms: factors effecting respiration (Salinity,
temperature and oxygen tension); respiratory pigments: role in transport of
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Osmotic regulation and ion regulation: mechanisms: general account.
- General survey of pigments and colour in marine animals: colour changes –
chromatophores. Bioluminescence: luminescent glands and organs: production
of light and its biological significance.
Textboks/Reference Books:
1. Nicol J.A.C., The biology of Marine Animals, Pitman Ltd., 1960.
2. Prosser C.L.Comparative Animal Physiology, Saunders, 1965.
3. Bames R.D., Invertebrate Zoology, Saunders, 1974.
4. Newell R.C. Biology of Intertidal Animals, Logos Press, 1970.
5. Newell R.C., Ed Adaptation to Environment, Butterworth & Company, 1976.
6. Palmer, J.D. Biological Clocks in Marine Organisms, Wiley Eastern, 1974.

Paper 1.5 : Statistics – 1
(Emphasis should be on problems only. Proofs and Derivations are not required)
- Data collection: Primary and secondary data. Methods of collection of primary
data. Source of secondary data, classification and tabulation Frequency
distribution.
- Diagrammatic and Graphic represention: one dimensional and two dimensional
diagrams. Graphs: Histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve and ogive.
- Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median and Mode and their relative merits
and demerits. Quartiles and percentiles.
- Measures of Dispersion: Range, quartile deviation, Mean deviation and standard
deviation, their merits and demerits. Coefficient of variation, Skewness,
moments and kurtosis.
- Concepts of Probability: Additive and multiplicative theorem. Conditional
Probability, Problems on Probability Random variable, types of random variables,
probability mass function, probability density function and cumulative distribution
function (definitions only). Expected value.
- Distributions: Binomial, Poisson and normal distribution, their properties and
applications.
- Attributes: Contingency table, Association of attribution and independence of
attributes.
- Bivariate Data: Bivariate frequency table, Concept of correlation, Kart –
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient ad Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.
Linear regression. Notion of multiple and partial correlations are their
computational aspects.
Textbook:
1. S.C.Gupta: Fundamentals or Statistics, Himalaya publishing House Delhi.
Reference Books:
1. Gupta & Kapoor: Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics. S.Chand & Co., New
Delhi.

2. Yule & Kendall: Elementary Statistics, Charless Griffin & Co. Londen.
SECOND SEMESTER
Paper 2.1 : Chemical Oceanography.
- Chemistry of the sea water constancy of the composition of sea water. Salinity
and chlorinity, p H and carbondioxide systems in the sea water Chemistry of the
land-locked seas and estuaries. Distribution of gases in the sea. Distribution of
nutrients and their cycles. Eutrophication. Dissolved and particulate organic
matter in the sea: its chemical nature and properties.
1. Svedrup H.U., Johnson M.W. & R.H. Fleming. The oceans, Prentice Hall, 1942.
2. Tait R.V.Elements of Marine Ecology, Butterworths, 1972.
3. Broecker W.S.2 nd edition, Chemical Oceanography. Harcout Brace, Jovanovich,
1974.
4. Riley O.P. & G.S.Skirrow Chemical Oceanography, 2 nd edition, Vols. I-IV, Ademic
Press, 1975.
5. King C.A.H, Introduction to Physical and Billogical Oceanography, ELBS Ltd.,
London, 1975.

Paper 2.2 Biological Oceanography – II
- Primary production: Survey of methods employed for measuring productivity;
general account of productivity in different oceans. Factors affecting Primary
production: Nutrients, light, temperature, organic micro nutrients and
inhibitors, grazing.
- Phytoplankton – zooplankton relationships.
- General survey of Marine food chains (pelagic and benthic) pelagic food
pyramid and factors affecting its production and stability.
- Mass-mortality in sea: Red water phenomenon.
- Marine Microbiology: Marine Bacteria: general account of their role in the
economy of the sea.
Text Books/ Reference Books:
1. Angel M.V., Biological Oceanography, Menthuen, 1975
2. Friedrich H., Marine Biology, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1969.
3. Nair N.B. & D.M.Thampy, A text book of Marines Biology, Macmillan, 1980.
4. Raymont. J.E.G. Plankton and productivity in Oceans. Vol.I: Phytoplankton
Vol.II: Zooplankton, Pergamon Press. 1980.
5. Ekman S., Zoogeography of the sea, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1953.
6. Parsons T.R., Takahashi M. and B.Hargrave. Biological oceanographic
processes, Pergamon, 1977.

Paper 2.3 : Estuaries and Coastal Zone management
- Estuarine environment: classification and physico – chemical parameters of
estuaries.
- Distribution of estuarine plankton, nekton and benthos. Estuarine birds,
estuarine food web. Mangroves, sea-grasses, marine fungi.
- Coastal Zone Management: Coastal resources i.e. finish, shellfish and non-living
resources and their management. Impact of dredging, mining and pollution on
coastal habitats and their management methods. Remote sensing application in
coastal zone management. Coastal zone regulations.
Text Books/ Reference Books:
1. J.R.Clark, Integrated Management of Co. Rep. Paper 327, 1992.
2. R.W.G.Carler, Coastal Environments, Academic.
3. Marshall N.B., Aspects of deep sea biology, Hutchin
4. Ekman S., Zoogeography of the sea, Sidgwick and
5. Green J., Biology of estuarine animals, Sidgwick &
6. Mc Lusky D.S., Ecology of estuaries, Hinmann, 1971.
7. Newell, R.C.Biology of intertidal animals, Lagos Press
8. Kinns O.(Ed), Marine Ecology Vol. I to V, John Wiley & S.

Paper 2.4 : Biology of Marine Organisms
- Endogenous rhythms: biological clocks: lunar periodicity and tidal rhythms
- Physiology of sense organs: types of organs and functions.
- Physiology of nervous system: structure and functions.
- Physiology of endocrine system: hormones, neuron-controlled functions,
hormone-induced colour changes
- General account of reproduction in marine organisms – luscans, fish and
seaweeds.
- General account of different types of larvae in marine and Crustacea, Mollusca,
Echinodermata and teleosts.
Text Books / Reference Books:
1. Nicol J.A.C., The biology of Marine Animals, Pitman Ltd.
2. Prosser C.L.Comparative Animal Physiology, Saunders, 1965
3. Bames R.D., Invertebrate Zoology, Saunders. 1974
4. Newell R.C., Biology of Intertidal Animals, Logos Press.
5. Newell R.C., Ed. Adaptation to Environment. Butterworth 1976.
6. Palmer, J.D. Biological clocks in Marine Organisms, Wiley Eastern.

Paper 2.5 : Statistics – II
(Emphasis should be on problems only. Proofs and Do not required)
- X 2 , t and F distributions (statements only) and their applications.
- Simple random sampling, use of random number tables.
- Notion of sampling distribution, standard error, standard errors of Mean,
Variance and Correlation Coefficient.
- Tests of significance and related notions.
- Large Sample Tests: Test for significance of single proportion test for
significance of difference of proportions. Test for significances of mean, test
for significance difference for means, test for significance of the difference of
standard derivations.
- Small sample test: Test for single mean, test for difference of means, paired ttest,
test for testing the significance of observed correlation coefficient, test for
equality of two population variances X 2 test for goodness of fit and to test the
independence of attributes.
- Non-parametric tests: Advantages and disadvantages, test for randomness;
sign test, median test and two sample ‘run’ test.
- Analysis of variance: one way classification and two-way classification without
mathematical proofs.
Text Book:
1. S.C.Gupta: Fundamentals of Statistics, Himalaya Publishing House, Delhi.
Reference Books:
1. Gupta & Kapoor : Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, S. Chand & Co.,
New Delhi.
2. Yule & Kendall : Elementary Stastics, Charless Griffin & Co. London.

THIRD SEMESTER
Paper 3.1 : Fishery Science
General Account of systematic classification of fishes. Classification based on
degrees of movement. Zones inhabited and on manner of reproduction.
Economically important groups of fishes general and brief account of
elasmobranches, clupeoids, salmonoids, scombroids, gadoids, heterosomata,
sciaenids, carangids. Trichiurids, cat fishes, crustaceans and molluscs.
Natural populations or stocks as biological entities: factors limiting abundance of
stocks. Criteria for distinguishing units or multistock species. Idea of unit stock – its
relevance to tropical marine fish.
Population dynamics recruitment, growth and mortality. Length – weight
relationship, condition factor.
General account of life history of Indian fishes: oil sardines, Indian shad,
mackerel, Bombay duck and Malabar sole.
Food and feeding habits of fishes (general account), reproduction and spawning
(general account): fish eggs and larvae.
Reference Books:
1. Cushing D.H.: Fisheries Biology, University of Wisconsin press, 1968.
2. Cushing D.H.: Marine ecology and fisheries, Cambridge University press, 1975.
3. Jhingran V.G.: Fish and fisheries of India, Hindustan Publ. Corpn., 1991.
4. Nelson J.S.: Fishes of the world, John Wiley, 1976.
5. Royce W.F.: Introduction to fishery sciences, Academic Press, 1972.

Paper 3.2 : Fishing Technology
Craft material boat materials – wood, steel, aluminium, ferro cement, etc.
Marine corrosion theory and application, classification of corrosion: Protective
coatings for metals: cathodic protection types.
Evaluation of fishing craft: boat types and their classification; types of boats used
in India; maintenance of fishing boats and control of marine fouling: protection of wood
.
Gear material: natural and synthetic properties: testing and preservation of
materials: numbering systems; conversion formulae; floats and sinkers, their properties;
size and shape; selection of material form different types of fishing gear; evaluation of
fishing hooks and baits.
Evaluation and classification of fishing gears; description of hand-line, troll line,
and pole line; description design and fabrication of trawl nets, purse-seine, gill nets.
Text Books:
1. R.R. Colwell (ed): Biotechnology in Marine Science, 1982.
2. Aitikin, A: Fish handling & Processing. 2 nd Edition, min. Agr. Fish and Food, U.K.,
1982.
3. Baranov, F.I: Selected works on fishing gear Volume-I: Commerce Fishing
Techniques, Israel Program For Sci. Translations, 1978.
4. Borgstorm, G.: Fish as Food Vol. I, III & IV Academic Press. 1961, 1965.
5. Brandt, A.V.: Fish catching methods of the World. 3 rd edition, Fishing News
Books Ltd., 1984.
6. Connell, J.J.: Control of Fish Quality, Fishing News Books Ltd., 1975.
7. Sanisburry, J.C.: Commercial Fishing Methods, Fishing News Books Ltd., 1971.
References:
1. Anon: FAO catalogue of fishing gear desgns. FAO, 1972.
2. Connell J.J.: Advances in fish science and technology, Fishing news Books Ltd,
1980.
3. Kristjonsson H.: Modern fishing gear of the world. (FNB) FAO.
4. Nedelec C.: FAO catalogue of small scale fishing gear, FAO (FNB)

Paper 3.3: Aquaculture – 1
Role, status and importance of Aquaculture
Criteria of selection of species for aquaculture.
Culture practices of carps, milkfish and mullets.’
Monoculture, polyculture and integrated farming.
Culture practices of tiger shrimp, Macrobrachium rosenbergi, crabs and lobsters –
Extension activities in aquaculture.
Culture practices of edible oyster, mussel, cephalopod, clams, and Marine finfish.
Culture practices of Seaweeds in India and abroad. Significance of mariculture in India.
References:
1. Bardach J.E. et al., Aquaculture, Wiley – interscience, 1972.
2. IMAI t.: Aquaculture in shallow seas, Amerind Pub. Co. 1977
3. Milne P.H.: Fish & Shellfish farming in coastal waters, FNB Ltd., 1972
4. Pillay TVR & Wm. A.Dill: Advances in Aquaculture, FAO, 1979.
5. Wheaton F.W.: Aquaculture engineering, Wiley-interscience, 1977.
6. Jhingran V.G.: Fish & Fisheries of India, Hindustan Pub. Corp., 1982.
7. Stickney R.R.: Principles of warm water aquaculture, Wiley interscience, 1979.
8. Huet M. & Timmermans: Textbook of fish culture, FNB Ltd., 1986.
9. T.V.R. Pillay: Aquaculture: Principles & Practices, FNB Ltd., 1981.

Paper 3.4: Biochemistry and Physiology
Breeding biology of fin fishes and shell fishes – Physiology of reproduction – endocrine
control of reproduction – incuced breeding – egg incubation and larval rearing.
Neurosecretory systems in finfishes and shellfishes – Neurohormones – function.
Moulting and growth in decapod crustaceans – regulatory factors.
Principles of genetics – fish cytogenetics.
Application of genetics in aquaculture – genetic selection, hybridization, inbreeding and
cross breeding.
Sex Control, cryopreservation, invitro fertilization, artificial insemination, polyploidy,
transgenesis etc.
Development of disease resistant and high quality strains.
References:
1. Bardach J.E. et al. Aquaculture: Wiley-interscience, 1972.
2. Conn F.E. & P.K.Stump: Outlines of Bio-Chemistry, Willey Eastern Ltd., 1989.
3. Halver J.E.: Fish Nutrition, Academic Press, 1972.
4. Hepher B.: Nutrition of Pond Fishes, Cambridge University Press, 1969.

Paper 3.5: Marine Pollution
Marine Pollution: Definition by GESAMP, major sources of pollution, dynamics,
transport paths and agents.
Toxicology: Lethal and sub lethal effects of pollutants on marine organisms, evaluation
of toxicity tolerance, bioassay.
Enzymatic removal of hazardous organic substances from aqueous effluents.
Sewage: Domestic, Industrial, agricultural and aquacultural discharges, their
composition and fate in the marine environment, toxicity and treatment methods,
sewage disposal system.
Environmental Impact Assessment Methods of aquaculture activities.
Oil pollution: Sources and fate of oil, composition and toxicity of oil, biological effects
treatment procedures.
Thermal and radioactive pollutants: Source and characteristics, strategies for
disposal of RNA and Heated effluents, biological effects and alternative uses of waste
dumping, mining and dredging operations, their effects on the organisms and marine
environment.
Text Books/References:
1. S.E. Nielsen: Tropical Pollution, 1982.
2. A.M.Chakravarthy Biodegradation and detoxification of Environmental pollutants,
CRC Press, 1928.
3. O.Kinne: Marine Ecology, Vol.V.Ocean Management 3&4, John Wiley & Sons,
1984.
4. Johnston R. (Ed.) : Marine Pollution, Academic Press, 1976.
5. Patin. S.A.: Pollution and Biological resources of the Oceans Butterworth & Co.
Ltd., 1982.
6. Ruive M. (Ed.) : Marine Pollution and Fishing News Sea Life, 1972.
7. Venugopalan, V.K.: Pollution and Toxicology, CAS in Marine Biology, 1991.
8. Rita Colwell (Ed.): Biotechnology in Marine Sciences, Academic Press, 1981.
9. Prakesh P.: Textbook of Marine Pollution.
10. Gupta, P.K.: Introduction to Biotechnology.

FOURTH SEMESTER
Paper 4.1 : Fisheries Management
Age determination of fishes; general account of work done in India. Movements and
migrations in fishes: eel, salmon, Hilsa ilisha.
Marking and tagging of fishes: general account of work carried out in India.
Fisheries oceanography: General account of effects of environmental parameters like
temperature, currents, light and salinity on fish biology, behaviour and
abundance.
Stock assessment: Collection of basic data, stock size. Yield models.
The effects of exploitation. The over fishing problem. Management techniques, fish
regulations.
The future of fisheries research – development and management strategies.
Law of the sea-territorial waters, contiguous zone, 200 mile exclusive economic zone.
References:
1. Cushing D.H.: Fisheries Biology, University of Wisconsin Press, 1968.
2. Cushing D.H.: Marine Ecology and fisheries, Cambridge University Press, 1975.
3. Jhingran V.G.Fish and fisheries of India, Hindustan Publ. Corpn., 1991.
4. Nelson J.S.: Fishes of the world, John Wiley, 1976.

Paper 4.2: Fish Processing Technology
Chemical composition of fish and shellfish: moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates,
ash etc.
Microbiology of fresh and processed fish: Morphology of bacteria: growth and
reproduction of bacteria: effect of environmental factors like temperature, pH, oxygen,
moisture, etc.
Common bacteria present in fish; identification and isolation. Bacteria of sanitary
significance.
Handling of fish: spoilage of fish and shellfish; effect of temperature on fish spoilage,
use of ice;
Solid carbon dioxide and liquid nitrogen in fish preservations; containers for packaging
and transportation of fish, handling on board fishing vessels and on shore ;use of
chemical preservatives and irradiation in extending shelf life of fish and shell fish.
Canning : Principles of canning; canning materials; handling and preparation of fish and
shellfish for canning; spoilage of canned fish; chemical and microbiological spoilage and
their prevention.
Curing: Salting of fish-principles and practices; pickling; smoked fish; spoilage of cured
fish.
Freezing of fish: techniques of freezing; different types of freezers; changes during
freezing and storage of fish; effects of freezing on proteins, lipids and bacteria, spoilage
of frozen fish and shellfish; denaturation of proteins, lipid hydrolysis; fat oxidation,
protection of frozen fish; glazing and wrapping; use of anti-oxidants; thawing of frozen
fish, double freezing of fish; storage, transportation and distribution of frozen fish,
industrial methods of freezing fish and shellfish; production and freezing of fish fillets,
minced meat and fish fingers.
Byproducts: processing of low cost fish, minced meat, fish oil, fish meal, fish
sausages, isinglass, glue, fish silage, chitosan, chitin pearl essence, alginates, agar and
corals.

Text Books:
1. R.R. Colwell (ed): Biotechnology in Marine Science, 1982.
2. Aitikin, A: Fish handling & processing 2 nd edition, Min. Agr. Fish and Food, U.K.,
1982.
3. Borgstorm, G. : Fish as Food Vol. I, III and IV, Academic Press, 1961, 1965
4. Brandi, A.V.: Fish catching methods of the World, 3 rd edition, Fishing News
Books ltd. 1984.
5. Connel, J.J.: Control of Fish Quality, Fishing News Books Ltd., 1975.
6. Sanisburry, J.C.: Commercial Fishing Methods, Fishing News Books Ltd., 1971.
References:
1. Connell J.J. : Advances in fish science and technology, Fishing News Books Ltd.,
1980.
2. Nedelec C.: FAO catalogue of small scale fishing gear, FAO (FNB).

Paper 4.3.: Aquaculture II
Design, construction and management of aquaculture i.e. pond, cages, pens, rafts and
long lines.
Technical and non technical considerations in site selection.
Engineering survey principles and procedures. Selection of material and equipment.
Finfish and shellfish hatcheries – Seed production.
Diseases in aquaculture organisms, Prevention and treatment methods
Environmental impact assessment in Aquaculture.
Reference Books:
1. Imai T.: Aquaculture in shallow seas, Amerind Pub. Co., 1977
2. Milne P.H.: Fish & Shellfish farming incoastal waters, FNB Ltd., 1972.
3. Pillay TVR & Wm. A. Dill: Advances in Aquaculture, FAO, 1979.
4. Wheaton F.W.: Aquaculture engineering, Wiley- interscience, 1977.
5. Jhingran V.G.: Fish & Fisheries of India Hindustan Pub. Corp., 1982
6. Stickney R.R.: Principles of warm water aquaculture, Wiley – interscience, 1976.
7. A.E. Alilis: Fish and Shellfish pathology, Acad. Pr., 1986.
8. T.V.R.Pillay : Aquaculture: Principles & Practices, FNB Ltd., 1981.

Paper 4.4.: Biotechnological Applications in Aquaculture
Role of biotechnology in aquaculture.
Introduction to biochemistry. Proteins-structure, isolation, purification,
denaturation – aminoacids – Fish proteins. Lipids – Fish lipids – auto oxidation –
rancidity – antioxidants.
Nutritional Biotechnology – Principles of nutrition – nutritional requirements of cultivable
finfishes and shell fishes at different stages of life – Energitics of fod conversion –
growth promoters – source of food – natural and artificial live feed – collection, culture
and their utilization. Artificial feeds – formulated feeds – feed formulations – methods
and strategies. Importance ad use of ------ , antioxidants and antibiotics in feeds – feed
storage.
Reproductive Biotechnology: Breeding biology and endocrine control of reproduction in
fin fishes and shell fishes – in induced breeding – egg incubation and larval rearing.
Principles of genetics – fish cytogenetics – application of genetics in aquaculture
– genetic selection, hybridization, inbreeding and cross breeding, sex control,
cryopreservation, in vitro fertilization, artificial insemination, polyploidy, transgenesis.
Development of disease resistant and high quality strains.
References:
1. Bardach J.E. et al., Aquaculture, Wiley-interscience, 1972.
2. Conn F.E. & P.K.Stump: Outlines of Bio-chemistry, Willey Eastern Ltd., 1989.
3. Halver J.E., Fish Nutrition, Academic Press, 1972.
4. Hepher B.: Nutrition of Pond Fishes, Cambridge University Press, 1969.
5. Hoar W.S. & D.J. Randall: Fish Physiology, Academic Press, 1969.
6. Huet. M & J.Timmermens: Textbook of Fish Culture: Breeding and Cultivation of
Fish, 2 nd edition, Fishing News books, 1989.
7. Jhingran V.G., Fish and Fisheries of India, 2 nd edition, Hindustan Pub., 1991.

Paper 4.5: Environmental Monitoring and Biodeterloration
Global environmental monitoring methods: Status and objectives, limitations for
monitoring critical pollutants.
Role of biotechnology in environmental pollution control: Indicator organisms, Test
organisms, Monitoring organisms, Enzymes.
Coastal developmental activities-environmental issues.
Micro and Macro fouling, corrosion of metals and alloys in the sea, effects of bio-fouling
and bio deterioration on marine structures.
Protection methods against corrosion and fouling Application of biotechnology in
controlling the bio deterioration of wood and synthetic substances in the sea.
Red tides: Cause character and effects on the organisms of Marine environment
Text Books/References:
1. S.E. Nielsen: Tropical Pollution, 1982.
2. A.M.Chakravarthy: Biodegradation and detoxification of Environmental pollutants,
CRC Press, 1928.
3. o.Kinne: Marine Ecology, Vol.V. Ocean Management 3&4 John Wiley & Sons.
1984.
4. Johnston R. (Ed.) : Marine Pollution, Academic Press, 1976.
5. Patin S.A.: Pollution and Biological resources of the Oceans Butterworth & Co.
Ltd., 1982.
6. Ruive M. (Ed.) : Marine Pollution and Fishing News Sea Life 1972.
7. Venugopalan, V.K. : Pollution and Toxicology, CAS in Marine Biology, 1991.
8. Rita Colwell (Ed): Biotechnology in Marine Sciences, Academic Press, 1981.
9. Prakash P.: Textbook of Marine Pollution.
10. Gupta, P.K. : Introduction to Biotechnology.