AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...

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positive civil society on concrete ground. In chapter 3 above not only escalation of direct violence but also the structural damage known as polarization of society, even the world, in two camps was mentioned. Depolarization will not take care of itself. It does not come automatically, nor is it obvious that the best restructuration is "normalization" to the situation before violence: that situation produced violence. Take occupied Norway 1940-45, typical of Western European countries occupied by Germany. There was the Norwegian-German polarity. But then there were social (including sexual), military, political, economic and cultural collaborators, under German protection. When the object of the primary polarization demobilized and were repatriated to Germany, the Norwegian pole polarized, and the trauma inflicted by the German occupiers was passed on to "bad" Norwegians instead./59/ Continuation of the war inside Norway took precedence over restructuration, leave alone reconciliation. Restructuration took 20 years. Reconciliation? These processes of depolarization, and then repolarization along other lines, are strong. They come on top of us unless our insight in them places us on top of them. The obvious point, that Quisling and his people had been 10-20 years ahead of the rest of Norway, siding with Germany against the Soviet Union, could have served as an opener for a more Buddhist approach. We are all in the same boat of world politics, tossed around by the waves; do not reify that we once were on opposite sides as something eternal. But this has not happened and probably never will before the last quisling is dead and buried so that there is no chance of 59
exchanges of apologies and forgiveness in both directions, and some reconciliation. Sad, because it could have lifted Norwegians up on a higher spiritual plane. But restructuration also means building new and eliminating old institutions. A peace structure would definitely include democracy in the usual sense of "rule according to rules whereby the rulers have to have the consent of the ruled". This is a necessary condition for domestic peace; the opposite being known as repression ("rule without the consent of the ruled"). But that only covers political power. Vertical structural violence also expresses itself as exploitation and alienation. The answer that people who are exploited and/or alienated can change that when they get power through democracy is unsatisfactory, given that power in a democracy means majority. There is no protection of minorities in this concept, that will have to come through human rights, as a part of peace culture. But sooner or later political democracy will have to be extended to economic and cultural democracy for restructuration. Democratic elections transforms an often violent conflict over power in a society to a nonviolent conflict over majority vote. Elections are crucial, to supervise them is peace work. Democracy trains people in nonviolent conflict transformation, and will sooner or later spread to economic and cultural power. But the sum of democratic states is not "global democracy", the world has no such institution. A United Nations People's Assembly elected by direct and secret ballot would help./60/ How about military power? 30 states in the world have no army./61/ Switzerland had a referendum November 1989 with 35.6% in 60
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AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION,
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The institutional breakdown, the ab
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potential. Violence is not like eat
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democracy is an answer. If the cont
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[1] The impression is given that vi
Page 11 and 12: violence till the cease-fire confus
Page 13 and 14: the underlying structural and cultu
Page 15 and 16: level of participation, a rich, blo
Page 17 and 18: up to net and gross national produc
Page 19 and 20: naive, self-exculpatory German der
Page 21 and 22: There is a special aspect of the da
Page 23 and 24: e proud of. Translated into nationa
Page 25 and 26: Cold War is by now a classical case
Page 27 and 28: and property. Creativity in life-en
Page 29 and 30: discourses good deeds may lead to s
Page 31 and 32: case, substituted the verbal duel o
Page 33 and 34: Scenario 4: Z hurts both X and Y fo
Page 35 and 36: wounds to the spirit never, as psyc
Page 37 and 38: chronologically. To the four cases
Page 39 and 40: soldiers were the limbs and "we" (t
Page 41 and 42: Let us try to summarize. Who/what w
Page 43 and 44: accident. The only recourse might b
Page 45 and 46: The white lynchers, victimized or n
Page 47 and 48: massive, even collective, political
Page 49 and 50: there an underlying, universal, que
Page 51 and 52: structural specificities./55/ Thus,
Page 53 and 54: enemies into court, they did not mi
Page 55 and 56: Christian; South Africa is mixed. C
Page 57 and 58: ereaved and those who know the bere
Page 59 and 60: opportunities. There is the good th
Page 61: Restructuration: the peace structur
Page 65 and 66: and traumas of the past, in a strug
Page 67 and 68: know only one good German; a dead G
Page 69 and 70: positions in a deficient structure.
Page 71 and 72: This approach only works when the v
Page 73 and 74: forgive you"? Definitely not. Some
Page 75 and 76: context, landing it in the Self-God
Page 77 and 78: victim relation is translated into
Page 79 and 80: has a system analysis epistemology
Page 81 and 82: [7] The historical/truth commission
Page 83 and 84: empirical facts: counter-factual hi
Page 85 and 86: the video and say: "This is the tur
Page 87 and 88: model would be a village, a town, a
Page 89 and 90: facilitating reliving on the spot.
Page 91 and 92: outcome, never that violence again!
Page 93 and 94: acts in the light of extenuating ci
Page 95 and 96: y committing crimes of war, against
Page 97 and 98: CONFLICT = ATTITUDES/ASSUMPTIONS +
Page 99 and 100: Table 9.1. The praxis triad: DIAGNO
Page 101 and 102: The democracy, parliamentarian appr
Page 103 and 104: task of the peace worker is to appr
Page 105 and 106: ecoming a permanent state of societ
Page 107 and 108: destroy them; a contradiction, to p
Page 109 and 110: The best way of building nonviolenc
Page 111 and 112: during the second half of this cent
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socialism-communism (the last trans
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and death) specificity beyond the n
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war. The working class British (US,
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was also the outcome of insufficien
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the possibility that this was the p
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things, words and exercises? My wou
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76. 77. I am particularly indebted
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to your feelings, if you have reaso
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AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...

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