AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...

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directions: S to P ("clean slate"), S to V ("P is suffering, not only you", P to S and V ("I'll not do it again") and V to P and S ("this has given me satisfaction, I'll not seek revenge"). And, the general public is also given closure, being deterred. The problem, as with any theory, is whether it works. The major critique is the failure to deter individually or generally. Given high recidivism for a broad spectrum of crimes, and high and increasing level of criminality in general, it would be difficult to argue that deterrence is effective, given that this transaction model has been around for a long time. But there are at least two important contra-arguments: - "without this the situation would have been still worse", and - "show me a better model". Then there is another critique: no doubt the victim is short- shrifted. After all the victim is the harmed, offended party. All the victim is given is a public hearing (the court) that transforms the suffering from private to public. This may invite sympathy and solidarity, but may also work negatively like in cases of sexualized violence against women. After that the victim is treated to justice, "let them eat justice"; and supposed to offer the State closure in return. No revenge, no pressure for restitution. A very meager basis for healing. And yet some of this seems to work: there are few cases of victims taking the justice in their own hands, intercepting the process in front of the court house on the day of the trial, adding to the process at the prison gate on the day of release./50/ Lynching, the obvious exception, in a sense proves the point. 42
The white lynchers, victimized or not, blinded by "white supremacy", easily saw themselves as "God come State", in a vertical relationship to the presumed perpetrator, imitating the justice model. Internationally "punishment expeditions" was an integral part of the colonial system. The colonial powers saw themselves as the source of justice, in no need of courts. But the basic problem is the distortion of the perpetrator- victim relation by introducing the state (as God's successor). The justice model does not extinguish the harm-trauma in the victim and the guilt-trauma in the criminal for having caused the harm- trauma in the victim. If the violence/harm has been done in the perpetrator-victim relation, then it is in the perpetrator-victim relation the violence/harm has to be undone. That does not contradict the justice model, but could lead to another and additional model. The Truth & Reconciliation model in South Africa/51/ is a new way of dealing with the political crimes committed during apartheid. Here are two presentations: Table 6.2:Transaction Model II: The Truth & Reconciliation Model ------------------------------------------------------------ gives to PERPETRATOR VICTIM STATE/PUBLIC ------------------------------------------------------------ PERPETRATOR Trauma as Submission Violence; Confession Apology & Truth Restitution Closure Closure ------------------------------------------------------------ VICTIM Forgiveness Closure Closure ------------------------------------------------------------ STATE/PUBLIC Amnesty Voice&Ear Reconciliation Closure Restitution Closure Closure ------------------------------------------------------------ Figure 6.2.Transaction Model II:The Truth & Reconciliation Model STATE/PUBLIC 43
Page 1 and 2: AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION,
Page 3 and 4: The institutional breakdown, the ab
Page 5 and 6: potential. Violence is not like eat
Page 7 and 8: democracy is an answer. If the cont
Page 9 and 10: [1] The impression is given that vi
Page 11 and 12: violence till the cease-fire confus
Page 13 and 14: the underlying structural and cultu
Page 15 and 16: level of participation, a rich, blo
Page 17 and 18: up to net and gross national produc
Page 19 and 20: naive, self-exculpatory German der
Page 21 and 22: There is a special aspect of the da
Page 23 and 24: e proud of. Translated into nationa
Page 25 and 26: Cold War is by now a classical case
Page 27 and 28: and property. Creativity in life-en
Page 29 and 30: discourses good deeds may lead to s
Page 31 and 32: case, substituted the verbal duel o
Page 33 and 34: Scenario 4: Z hurts both X and Y fo
Page 35 and 36: wounds to the spirit never, as psyc
Page 37 and 38: chronologically. To the four cases
Page 39 and 40: soldiers were the limbs and "we" (t
Page 41 and 42: Let us try to summarize. Who/what w
Page 43: accident. The only recourse might b
Page 47 and 48: massive, even collective, political
Page 49 and 50: there an underlying, universal, que
Page 51 and 52: structural specificities./55/ Thus,
Page 53 and 54: enemies into court, they did not mi
Page 55 and 56: Christian; South Africa is mixed. C
Page 57 and 58: ereaved and those who know the bere
Page 59 and 60: opportunities. There is the good th
Page 61 and 62: Restructuration: the peace structur
Page 63 and 64: exchanges of apologies and forgiven
Page 65 and 66: and traumas of the past, in a strug
Page 67 and 68: know only one good German; a dead G
Page 69 and 70: positions in a deficient structure.
Page 71 and 72: This approach only works when the v
Page 73 and 74: forgive you"? Definitely not. Some
Page 75 and 76: context, landing it in the Self-God
Page 77 and 78: victim relation is translated into
Page 79 and 80: has a system analysis epistemology
Page 81 and 82: [7] The historical/truth commission
Page 83 and 84: empirical facts: counter-factual hi
Page 85 and 86: the video and say: "This is the tur
Page 87 and 88: model would be a village, a town, a
Page 89 and 90: facilitating reliving on the spot.
Page 91 and 92: outcome, never that violence again!
Page 93 and 94: acts in the light of extenuating ci
Page 95 and 96:
y committing crimes of war, against
Page 97 and 98:
CONFLICT = ATTITUDES/ASSUMPTIONS +
Page 99 and 100:
Table 9.1. The praxis triad: DIAGNO
Page 101 and 102:
The democracy, parliamentarian appr
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task of the peace worker is to appr
Page 105 and 106:
ecoming a permanent state of societ
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destroy them; a contradiction, to p
Page 109 and 110:
The best way of building nonviolenc
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during the second half of this cent
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socialism-communism (the last trans
Page 115 and 116:
and death) specificity beyond the n
Page 117 and 118:
war. The working class British (US,
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was also the outcome of insufficien
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the possibility that this was the p
Page 123 and 124:
things, words and exercises? My wou
Page 125 and 126:
76. 77. I am particularly indebted
Page 127:
to your feelings, if you have reaso
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