AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...

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demanding high levels of creativity. After violence all of that has changed. Pent-up emotions have been released in a frenzy of collective human madness. There is massive destruction of all kinds. And under the ruins the root conflict is still there! The first task dealing with the root conflict is to map the conflict formation, the parties, the goals, the clashes/issues. The corresponding task after violence is to map the violence formation, to understand better how the meta-conflict has run its diabolic course, wreaking havoc within and between humans, groups, societies, producing war-torn people, war-torn societies, a war- torn world./3/ War is man-made disaster. To start this mapping of violence another triangle, related to the ABC-triangle, may be useful: VISIBLE Direct Violence - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - INVISIBLE Cultural Violence Structural Violence The direct violence, physical and/or verbal, is visible as behavior. But human action does not come out of nowhere; there are roots. Two roots are indicated: a culture of violence (heroic, patriotic, patriarchic, etc.), and a structure that itself is violent by being too repressive, exploitative or alienating; too tight or too loose for the comfort of people. The popular misunderstanding that "violence is in human nature" is rejected. The potential for violence, like love, is in human nature; but circumstances condition the realization of that 4
potential. Violence is not like eating or sexing, found all over the world with slight variations. The big variations in violence are easily explained in terms of culture and structure: cultural and structural violence cause direct violence, using violent actors who revolt against the structures and using the culture to legitimize their use of violence as instruments. The ABC-triangle is at the human level of human attitudes and assumptions, cognitions and emotions, human violent behavior physical or verbal, human perceptions of goals as incompatible, clashing. The violence triangle is a social reflection of this. The cultural violence is the sum total of all the myths, of glory and trauma, and so on that serve to justify direct violence. The structural violence is the sum total of all the clashes built into the social and world structures and cemented, solidified so that unjust, inequitable outcomes are almost unchangeable. The direct violence described above grows out of this, of some elements, or out of the total syndrome. Obviously peace must also be built in the culture and in the structure, not only in the "human mind". For the violence triangle has built-in vicious cycles. The visible effects of direct violence are as described above: the killed, the wounded, the displaced, the material damage, all increasingly hitting the civilians. But the invisible effects may be even more vicious: direct violence reinforces structural and cultural violence, in ways to be described below. And this, in turn, may lead to even more direct violence. Most important is hatred and the addiction to revenge for the trauma suffered among the losers, and to more victories, glory among the winners. Power also accrues to the men 5
Page 1 and 2: AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION,
Page 3: The institutional breakdown, the ab
Page 7 and 8: democracy is an answer. If the cont
Page 9 and 10: [1] The impression is given that vi
Page 11 and 12: violence till the cease-fire confus
Page 13 and 14: the underlying structural and cultu
Page 15 and 16: level of participation, a rich, blo
Page 17 and 18: up to net and gross national produc
Page 19 and 20: naive, self-exculpatory German der
Page 21 and 22: There is a special aspect of the da
Page 23 and 24: e proud of. Translated into nationa
Page 25 and 26: Cold War is by now a classical case
Page 27 and 28: and property. Creativity in life-en
Page 29 and 30: discourses good deeds may lead to s
Page 31 and 32: case, substituted the verbal duel o
Page 33 and 34: Scenario 4: Z hurts both X and Y fo
Page 35 and 36: wounds to the spirit never, as psyc
Page 37 and 38: chronologically. To the four cases
Page 39 and 40: soldiers were the limbs and "we" (t
Page 41 and 42: Let us try to summarize. Who/what w
Page 43 and 44: accident. The only recourse might b
Page 45 and 46: The white lynchers, victimized or n
Page 47 and 48: massive, even collective, political
Page 49 and 50: there an underlying, universal, que
Page 51 and 52: structural specificities./55/ Thus,
Page 53 and 54: enemies into court, they did not mi
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Christian; South Africa is mixed. C
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ereaved and those who know the bere
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opportunities. There is the good th
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Restructuration: the peace structur
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exchanges of apologies and forgiven
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and traumas of the past, in a strug
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know only one good German; a dead G
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positions in a deficient structure.
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This approach only works when the v
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forgive you"? Definitely not. Some
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context, landing it in the Self-God
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victim relation is translated into
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has a system analysis epistemology
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[7] The historical/truth commission
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empirical facts: counter-factual hi
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the video and say: "This is the tur
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model would be a village, a town, a
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facilitating reliving on the spot.
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outcome, never that violence again!
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acts in the light of extenuating ci
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y committing crimes of war, against
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CONFLICT = ATTITUDES/ASSUMPTIONS +
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Table 9.1. The praxis triad: DIAGNO
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The democracy, parliamentarian appr
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task of the peace worker is to appr
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ecoming a permanent state of societ
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destroy them; a contradiction, to p
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The best way of building nonviolenc
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during the second half of this cent
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socialism-communism (the last trans
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and death) specificity beyond the n
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war. The working class British (US,
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was also the outcome of insufficien
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the possibility that this was the p
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things, words and exercises? My wou
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76. 77. I am particularly indebted
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to your feelings, if you have reaso
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AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...

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