AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...

division came from, and got 20 volumes of diaries, documented in
The Nanking Massacre in the Imperial Army Soldiers' Diaries./43/
Actor-oriented guilt-attribution was focused on Lt General
Iwame Matsui, commander in central China. He was in Nanking only
3 days, found guilty by the Tokyo Tribunal and hanged, on Prince
Asaka, Emperor Hirohito's uncle, and by implication on the Emperor
himself. Much evidence pointed in that direction, but the
Imperial family was given immunity by the US Occupation forces in
exchange for the data from the infamous Unit 731 for biological
and chemical warfare, examining the impact of B&C agents by
vivisection (autopsy on live humans, their bodies being known as
marutas, preserved as evidence of how, for instance, anthrax
worked). The head was General Shiro Ishii, directly responsible
to the Emperor. The Dutch judge on the Tokyo Tribunal, Bert V A
R”ling, declared that the US should be ashamed of itself for
having entered such a deal.
Young and Yin give voice to three analysts in an effort to
understand the motivation behind the massacre:
H. J. Timberley, Manchester Guardian correspondent in 1938:
"to strike terror into the heart of the Chinese people in the hope
that thereby the latter would be cowed into submission".
David Bergamini, historian: /but they had/ "no longer any
hope of it unseating Chiang Kai-Shek".
Edward Behr, historian: "a war of punishment".
Rational hypotheses, verifiable through memoirs, letters, etc.
But to this actor-oriented approach should be added a focus
on structure and culture. Emperor Meiji declared once that the
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