AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...

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within families, between persons, breaking up marriages. The result is double structural violence of the horizontal variety: people who actually like each other find themselves ending up in different camps, and in those camps they find strange bed-fellows with whom they have little else in common. Once polarized structures have been crystallized, they are not easily dismantled, among other reasons because they solve a problem when direct violence enters the scene. Like other forms of communication, direct violence also has sender and receiver, from Self to Other. Better make sure Self is not hit by friendly fire. Moreover, the impact area expands from micro hand-weapons via meso artillery and bombs to macro ABC-weapons. Better make sure there has been adequate territorial sorting in advance by escalating not-too-quickly from micro via meso to macro. Culturally, the implication is immature conflict philosophy with only two parties and one issue. Such is reality, be ready: Cold War between East and West, clash of civilizations between the West and the Rest. Structure and culture hand in hand, inner mental, and outer social, polarization confirming each other. There is a tradition in conflict studies/22/ to see these as identity creating mechanisms. No doubt they provide answers to such classical questions as "who am I" (a part of that larger Self) and "where am I heading" (for victory in the struggle with Other".) No doubt not only emotions but also volitions are mobilized by such cognitions (and vice versa). But this is also a twisted, thwarted identity, potentially at the expense of the livelihood, even life of others; nothing to celebrate, nothing to 21
e proud of. Translated into nationalisms this is hard nationalism eloquent on the good of Self and evil of Other, eloquently silent on the other two combinations. A major and real danger is that this deformation of the conflict formation settles, sediments, solidifies in mental, social and world structures, is reified, and provides a ready-made bed for any new conflict that might appear. The genesis of this deformed structure, and deformed culture, is then forgotten long time ago. They are both taken for granted, like in the Christian perception of Muslims, if not created by the Crusades at least solidified by them. The grotesque reductionism is nourished by two solid groundswells: "one day they may come back and complete the job" and "one day they may come back and do to us what we did to them" (by victims and victors, respectively). This is the material out of which prejudices are made, not only what the Germans call Feindbilder, the images of the enemy, but the equally important Freundbilder, the images of the friend ("we fought together against the Nazis/imperialists/communists; they cannot be that bad, now is the time to repay that debt ".) And thus structural and cultural deformations are transferred through history, being communicated to the next generations. How detrimental this damage is can be seen by remembering what conflict transformation in the "before violence" phase is about: to think the conflict, and the whole conflict formation anew, to disembed the conflict from where it is located and then locate it, embed it, somewhere else. And then develop a perspective tat may serve as a way out, becoming unblocked and unstuck, using the perspective as an anchor, as a possible 22
Page 1 and 2: AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION,
Page 3 and 4: The institutional breakdown, the ab
Page 5 and 6: potential. Violence is not like eat
Page 7 and 8: democracy is an answer. If the cont
Page 9 and 10: [1] The impression is given that vi
Page 11 and 12: violence till the cease-fire confus
Page 13 and 14: the underlying structural and cultu
Page 15 and 16: level of participation, a rich, blo
Page 17 and 18: up to net and gross national produc
Page 19 and 20: naive, self-exculpatory German der
Page 21: There is a special aspect of the da
Page 25 and 26: Cold War is by now a classical case
Page 27 and 28: and property. Creativity in life-en
Page 29 and 30: discourses good deeds may lead to s
Page 31 and 32: case, substituted the verbal duel o
Page 33 and 34: Scenario 4: Z hurts both X and Y fo
Page 35 and 36: wounds to the spirit never, as psyc
Page 37 and 38: chronologically. To the four cases
Page 39 and 40: soldiers were the limbs and "we" (t
Page 41 and 42: Let us try to summarize. Who/what w
Page 43 and 44: accident. The only recourse might b
Page 45 and 46: The white lynchers, victimized or n
Page 47 and 48: massive, even collective, political
Page 49 and 50: there an underlying, universal, que
Page 51 and 52: structural specificities./55/ Thus,
Page 53 and 54: enemies into court, they did not mi
Page 55 and 56: Christian; South Africa is mixed. C
Page 57 and 58: ereaved and those who know the bere
Page 59 and 60: opportunities. There is the good th
Page 61 and 62: Restructuration: the peace structur
Page 63 and 64: exchanges of apologies and forgiven
Page 65 and 66: and traumas of the past, in a strug
Page 67 and 68: know only one good German; a dead G
Page 69 and 70: positions in a deficient structure.
Page 71 and 72: This approach only works when the v
Page 73 and 74:
forgive you"? Definitely not. Some
Page 75 and 76:
context, landing it in the Self-God
Page 77 and 78:
victim relation is translated into
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has a system analysis epistemology
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[7] The historical/truth commission
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empirical facts: counter-factual hi
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the video and say: "This is the tur
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model would be a village, a town, a
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facilitating reliving on the spot.
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outcome, never that violence again!
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acts in the light of extenuating ci
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y committing crimes of war, against
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CONFLICT = ATTITUDES/ASSUMPTIONS +
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Table 9.1. The praxis triad: DIAGNO
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The democracy, parliamentarian appr
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task of the peace worker is to appr
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ecoming a permanent state of societ
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destroy them; a contradiction, to p
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The best way of building nonviolenc
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during the second half of this cent
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socialism-communism (the last trans
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and death) specificity beyond the n
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war. The working class British (US,
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was also the outcome of insufficien
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the possibility that this was the p
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things, words and exercises? My wou
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76. 77. I am particularly indebted
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to your feelings, if you have reaso
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AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...

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