AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...

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Cities. 73. See PBPM, Part II, chapter 1, "Conflict Formations". 74. For an example both of an excellent report and of the problems, see Comisi¢n de la verdad de la ONU, De la locura a la esperanza, La guerra de 12 a¤os en El Salvador, San Sebastian/Donostia: Tercera Prensa, 1993. No turning point is identified with identifiable action that could have made a difference in the past; action is recommended for the future with the implication that they might have been meaningful at an earlier stage. The recommendations are neither cultural nor structural in the broad sense, but institutional, division of power, institutionalization of human rights guarantees and democracy in general, reforms of the army and the national police. Some pages (233-238) are devoted to reconciliation. The report identifies "collective introspection" as a necessary condition (p. 233), pardon (p. 234), punishment of the guilty, restitution for victims and their families. The commission is convinced that knowing the truth is already as a step forward; as a "pedagogy for reconciliation" (p. 240). They also recommend a national monument in the capital, naming all identified victims, and a national day to honor the victims and work national reconciliation. Thus, the report is a good example of the limitations of the thinking and action in the field. 75. Andy Pollak, ed., A Citizen's Inquiry: The Opsahl Report On Northern Ireland, Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1993. Permit me at this point to pay my homage to may late friend Torkel, a great international lawyer, deeply inspired by humanitarian ideals. 118
76. 77. I am particularly indebted to the late Robert Jungk for his inspiring work with future workshops. 78. The present author has used this for many years. One approach that has been tested in many countries is to give the roles (even difficult, like "two Gods, two chosen peoples, one Satan, one conflict worker"), say six, "in search of an author" (Pirandello, Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore, 1921). 18, 24 students are then divided into groups, each one taking the roles as a point of departure for the play to be written and enacted. The exercise could be done in the first week, for students to be acquainted with each other (extremely strong for bonding) and then towards the end; one difference between the plays being what they learnt about conflict in the meantime. A problem with the approach is that it does not always travel way across cultures. US students usually perform very well, so do Mediterranean Europeans, with Northern Europeans (and Japanese) being more reserved. One the ice is broken, however there is general enthusiasm. 79. See Centro de Estudios Sociales, Demobilized Soldiers Speak: Reintegration and Reconciliation in Nicaragua, El Salvador and Mo‡ambique, Managua: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1996. 80. This is some kind of opposite number diplomacy. The twinning of cities is another example, of weaving societies together. The same would apply to meeting of NGOs with the same kind of membership, physicians meet physicians, and so on. An interesting negative experience from Caucasus would apply to having historians meet historians, not strange given that many of them are state 119
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AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION,
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The institutional breakdown, the ab
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potential. Violence is not like eat
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democracy is an answer. If the cont
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[1] The impression is given that vi
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violence till the cease-fire confus
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the underlying structural and cultu
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level of participation, a rich, blo
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up to net and gross national produc
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naive, self-exculpatory German der
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There is a special aspect of the da
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e proud of. Translated into nationa
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Cold War is by now a classical case
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and property. Creativity in life-en
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discourses good deeds may lead to s
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case, substituted the verbal duel o
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Scenario 4: Z hurts both X and Y fo
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wounds to the spirit never, as psyc
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chronologically. To the four cases
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soldiers were the limbs and "we" (t
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Let us try to summarize. Who/what w
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accident. The only recourse might b
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The white lynchers, victimized or n
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massive, even collective, political
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there an underlying, universal, que
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structural specificities./55/ Thus,
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enemies into court, they did not mi
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Christian; South Africa is mixed. C
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ereaved and those who know the bere
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opportunities. There is the good th
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Restructuration: the peace structur
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exchanges of apologies and forgiven
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and traumas of the past, in a strug
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know only one good German; a dead G
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positions in a deficient structure.
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This approach only works when the v
Page 73 and 74: forgive you"? Definitely not. Some
Page 75 and 76: context, landing it in the Self-God
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Page 79 and 80: has a system analysis epistemology
Page 81 and 82: [7] The historical/truth commission
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Page 87 and 88: model would be a village, a town, a
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Page 91 and 92: outcome, never that violence again!
Page 93 and 94: acts in the light of extenuating ci
Page 95 and 96: y committing crimes of war, against
Page 97 and 98: CONFLICT = ATTITUDES/ASSUMPTIONS +
Page 99 and 100: Table 9.1. The praxis triad: DIAGNO
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Page 103 and 104: task of the peace worker is to appr
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Page 109 and 110: The best way of building nonviolenc
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Page 115 and 116: and death) specificity beyond the n
Page 117 and 118: war. The working class British (US,
Page 119 and 120: was also the outcome of insufficien
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Page 123: things, words and exercises? My wou
Page 127: to your feelings, if you have reaso
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