AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...
AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ... AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...
killed, 85% of Italian Jews survived, and attributes it to no tradition anti-semitism and contempt for governmental authority - and anti-semitism was by decree. 41. The Rape of Nanking (Chicago: Innovative Publishing Group, 2nd edition, 1997; also see Iris Chang, Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II, Basic Books, 1997) 42. September 1990 43. Published in 1996. The figures are from p. 272. 44. The "Great East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere". 45. China was high on culture. low economically; Japan has the opposite profile, relatively speaking. This can be a formula for complementarity and cooperation. but seems rather to indicate mutual hatred and aggression in search of a issue. 46. In Germany this latter point, to have been born too late to have participated in any atrocities, is referred to as "the grace of the late birth", die Gnade der sp„ten Geburt. 47. On the other hand, when hitch-hiking in a very war-torn Germany summer 1949, and invited to stay some days with the parents of a school class celebrating high school exam, most of them former Nazis, they had no words of praise for the N rnberg Tribunal because they were relieved of collective guilt. The tribunal focused on a very limited number and put the guilt to rest right there. 48. Like the famous O. J. Simpson case in Los Angeles, USA. 49. This will be an elaboration of Scenario 6 in Chapter 3 above. 50. The most famous examples would probably be the white-black lynching cases in the Southern part of the USA; but US lynching 113
was also the outcome of insufficient institutionalization of law and order in the early period. 51. See Ministry of Justice, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Rondebosch: 1995. The goals are stated (p. 28): - to return to victims their civil and human rights - to restore the moral order - to seek the truth, record it and make it known to the public - to create a culture of human rights and respect for the rule of law - to prevent the shameful past from happening again. Along high roads there was a poster: TRUTH: The Road to Reconciliation -reconciled for the sake of this nation -generosity of spirit -friendship where there was hatred -came to terms with their bitter past I would like to express my gratitude to the UN Resident Coordinator in Pretoria, Mr J David Whaley, for his helpfulness during my study tour to South Africa November 1997. For information about a somewhat similar process in the Philippines, see A. T. Muyot, Amnesty in the Philippines: The Legal Concept as a Political Tool, Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press, 1994. 52. Thus, reconciliation is a more complex concept than closure. In terms of the conflict triangle it touches not only the B(ehavior)-corner, but also the A(ttitude)-corner, and not only the perpetrator-victim relation but across the board to the State/public. But this is the way the terms are used here. We 114
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killed, 85% of Italian Jews survived, and attributes it to no<br />
tradition anti-semitism and contempt for governmental authority -<br />
and anti-semitism was by decree.<br />
41. The Rape of Nanking (Chicago: Innovative Publishing Group,<br />
2nd edition, 1997; also see Iris Chang, Rape of Nanking: The<br />
Forgotten Holocaust of World War II, Basic Books, 1997)<br />
42. September 1990<br />
43. Published in 1996. The figures are from p. 272.<br />
44. The "Great East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere".<br />
45. China was high on culture. low economically; Japan has the<br />
opposite profile, relatively speaking. This can be a formula for<br />
complementarity and cooperation. but seems rather to indicate<br />
mutual hatred and aggression in search of a issue.<br />
46. In Germany this latter point, to have been born too late to<br />
have participated in any atrocities, is referred to as "the grace<br />
of the late birth", die Gnade der sp„ten Geburt.<br />
47. On the other hand, when hitch-hiking in a very war-torn<br />
Germany summer 1949, and invited to stay some days with the<br />
parents of a school class celebrating high school exam, most of<br />
them former Nazis, they had no words of praise for the N rnberg<br />
Tribunal because they were relieved of collective guilt. The<br />
tribunal focused on a very limited number and put the guilt to<br />
rest right there.<br />
48. Like the famous O. J. Simpson case in Los Angeles, USA.<br />
49. This will be an elaboration of Scenario 6 in Chapter 3 above.<br />
50. The most famous examples would probably be the white-black<br />
lynching cases in the Southern part of the USA; but US lynching<br />
113