AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION, RECONCILIATION ...

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overburdened and not always very creative, are encouraged to take on the challenge of finding ways out of deeply entrenched conflict, and of doing reconstruction and reconciliation. If told that this is too difficult and should be left to elites, that it has to be secret, then people are demobilized. When not used that reservoir of creativity is depleted. When made use of the same reservoir is replenished. Citizen capability is built. Basic message: the conflict parties have to engage in these processes themselves. Others may help, suggest, comfort. The Third Party, God, State, International Community or mediators of any kind should be conflict helpers, not conflict managers or worse, conflict thieves. And the best way to arrive at that goal is to disseminate the insights and develop these skills further. NOTES 1. For the three phases of a conflict, see Johan Galtung, Conflict Transformation By Peaceful Means, Geneva: United Nations, 1998, pp. 6-13. 2. See Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means, United Nations, Geneva, 1998, "mini-version" (36 pp.), "maxi-version" forthcoming. Also consult the TRANSCEND web-site www.transcend.org 3. A first version of this monograph was written for the War-torn Societies Project, of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Geneva; a project essentially dealing with reconstruction. As can be seen the evocative term "war-torn" can also be applied to people and to the whole world, and to nature, structure and culture as will be developed below. 4. At least it has been for a number of important conflicts 105
during the second half of this century; see, for instance, Johan Galtung, "Nonviolent conflict transformation", Part II, Chapter 5 in Peace By Peaceful Means, London, New Delhi, New York: SAGE, 1996, pp. 114-126. In the following the book is referred to as PBPM. 5. See PBPM, p. 9. 6. Tacitus: "They produced a cemetery and called it peace". 7. We are thinking of the famous McKeown tradition. 8. As little as a crime can be detached from a criminal and become a separate, abstract entity with a uniform mix of punishment/treatment. But this process of detachment is basic to professionalization: the claim to be a professional seems to rest precisely on the idea of being `"scientific", capable of abstracting away from the casuistic and create a case, which is then to be handled according to general rules. 9. The direct violence case is understood immediately. And yet, surprisingly often the numbers killed in countries like Guatemala and Colombia are mentioned with no mention of who organized the killing, including drawing up the plans, supplying the hardware, carrying out the concrete act. Correspondingly, it is relatively easily seen that some people are rich because others are poor, or vice versa; for instance because the rich people have bought up land in the countries of the poor people, using that land for planting their crops, depriving the poor people of the little they had for their subsistence economy. And if that example is changed to buying land for planting a national flag, thereby depriving the original inhabitants of their chance to plant theirs the implication for human rights is clearly seen. 106
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AFTER VIOLENCE: 3R, RECONSTRUCTION,
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The institutional breakdown, the ab
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potential. Violence is not like eat
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democracy is an answer. If the cont
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[1] The impression is given that vi
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violence till the cease-fire confus
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the underlying structural and cultu
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level of participation, a rich, blo
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up to net and gross national produc
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naive, self-exculpatory German der
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There is a special aspect of the da
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e proud of. Translated into nationa
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Cold War is by now a classical case
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and property. Creativity in life-en
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discourses good deeds may lead to s
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case, substituted the verbal duel o
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Scenario 4: Z hurts both X and Y fo
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wounds to the spirit never, as psyc
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chronologically. To the four cases
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soldiers were the limbs and "we" (t
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Let us try to summarize. Who/what w
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accident. The only recourse might b
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The white lynchers, victimized or n
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massive, even collective, political
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there an underlying, universal, que
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structural specificities./55/ Thus,
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enemies into court, they did not mi
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Christian; South Africa is mixed. C
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ereaved and those who know the bere
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Page 61 and 62: Restructuration: the peace structur
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Page 71 and 72: This approach only works when the v
Page 73 and 74: forgive you"? Definitely not. Some
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Page 81 and 82: [7] The historical/truth commission
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Page 87 and 88: model would be a village, a town, a
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Page 91 and 92: outcome, never that violence again!
Page 93 and 94: acts in the light of extenuating ci
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Page 97 and 98: CONFLICT = ATTITUDES/ASSUMPTIONS +
Page 99 and 100: Table 9.1. The praxis triad: DIAGNO
Page 101 and 102: The democracy, parliamentarian appr
Page 103 and 104: task of the peace worker is to appr
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Page 109: The best way of building nonviolenc
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Page 117 and 118: war. The working class British (US,
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Page 123 and 124: things, words and exercises? My wou
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Page 127: to your feelings, if you have reaso
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