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80 THE SIX VECTORS OF CONTAMINATION sterilized, for all practical purposes, the outside of the vessel has not been. Contaminants can be easily picked up by the hands of the person handling the pressure cooker and re-distributed to the immediate workstation. All the more the reason one should disinfect before beginning transfers. 5. The Inoculum: The inoculum is the tissue that is being transferred, whether this tissue is a part of a living mushroom, mycehum from another petri dish, or spores. Bacteria and molds can infect the mushroom tissue and be carried with it every time a transfer is made. Isolation of the inoculum from the mushroom mycelium can be frustrating, for many of these contaminant organisms grow faster than the newly emerging mushroom mycelium. Cultivators must constantly "run" or transfer their mycelium away from these rapidly developing competitors. Several techniques can purify contaminated mycelium. 6. MCU's, Mobile Contamination Units: Mobile Contamination Units are organisms that carry and spread contaminants within the laboratory. These living macro-organisms act as vehicles spreading contaminants from one site to another. They are especially damaging to the laboratory environment as they are difficult to isolate. Ants, flies, mites, and in this author's case, small bipedal offspring (i. e. children) all qualify as potential MCU's. Typically, a MCU carries not one contaminant, but several. Mites are the most difficult of these MCU's to control. Their minute size, their preference for fungi (both molds and mushroom mycehum) as food, and their penchant for travel, make them a spawn manager's worst nightmare come true. Once mite contamination levels exceed 10%, the demise of the laboratory is only one generation away. The only solution, after the fact, is to totally shut down the laboratory. All cultures must be removed, including petri dishes, spawn jars, etc. The laboratory should then be thoroughly cleansed several times. I use a 10% household bleach solution. The floors, walls, and ceiling are washed. Two buckets of bleach solution are used—the first being the primary reservoir, the second for rinsing out the debris collected in the first wipe-down. The lab is locked tight for each day after wash-down. By thoroughly cleansing the lab three times in succession, the problem of mites can be eliminated or subdued to manageable levels. Mycelia are regenerated from carefully selected stock cultures. I have discovered "decontamination mats", those that labs use at door entrances to remove debris from footwear, are ideal for preventing cross-contamination from mites and similarly pernicious MCU's. Stacks of petri dishes are placed on newly exposed sticky mats on a laboratory shelf with several inches of space separating them. These zones of isolation, with culture dishes incubating upon a highly adhesive surface, make the migration of mites and other insects a most difficult endeavor. The upper sheet is removed every few weeks to expose a fresh, clean storage plane for new cultures. All of these vectors are universally affected by one other variable: lime of Exposure. The longer the exposure of any of the aforementioned vectors of contamination, the more significant their impact. Good laboratory technicians are characterized not only by their speed and care, but by their rhythm. Transfers are done in a systematically repetitive fashion. Controlling the time of exposure can have a drastic impact on the quality of laboratory technique. PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
Figure 60. Storing petri mobile creatures. THE SIX VECTORS OF CONTAMINATION 81 i cultures on "sticky mats" limits from mites and other PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
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GROWING GOURMET and MEDICINAL MUSHR
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This book should help advance the c
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GROWING GOURMET AND MEDICINAL MUSHR
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CHAPTER 1 Mushrooms, Civilization &
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Immortality (1976) where he postula
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CHAPTER 2 The Role of Mushrooms in
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tive species and planted in plots s
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ducing organ: the mushroom. Further
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fungi first to capture a twig, a bl
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The Global Environmental Shift and
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nm peroxidases and cellulases which
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CHAPTER 3 S electing a Candidate fo
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SELECTING A CANDIDATE FOR CULTIVATI
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N atural CHAPTER 4 Natural Culture:
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NATURAL CULTURE: CREATING MYCOLOGIC
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Page 45 and 46: NATURAL CULTURE: CREATING MYCOLOGIC
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 5 The Stametsian Model: Per
Page 59 and 60: PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
Page 61 and 62: PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 6 Materials for Formulating
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS FOR FORMULATING A FRUITIN
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 7 Biological Efficiency: An
Page 75 and 76: BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY: AN EXPRESSIO
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER8 Home-made vs. Commercial S
Page 79 and 80: HOME-MADE VERSUS COMMERCIAL SPAWN 6
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 9 The Mushroom Life Cycle W
Page 83 and 84: Figure 44. Scanning electron microg
Page 85 and 86: scape, the inycosphere, will give r
Page 87 and 88: Figure 51. A fully mature basidium.
Page 89 and 90: posites. The method of spore ejecti
Page 91 and 92: C ultivating CHAPTER 10 The Six Vec
Page 93 and 94: floor. After a minute or two, the c
Page 95: The best one can hope is that conta
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Page 101 and 102: MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
Page 103 and 104: MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 12 Culturing Mushroom Mycel
Page 107 and 108: CULTURING MUSHROOM MYCELIUM ON AGAR
Page 119 and 120: E very CHAPTER 13 The Stock Culture
Page 121 and 122: If one has ten or more replicates,
Page 123 and 124: eads: FVITC P2 11/16/92 C # 0825905
Page 125 and 126: Figure 87. Rhizomorphic mycelium di
Page 127 and 128: exemplified by Laetiporus suiphureu
Page 129 and 130: molds belonging to Penicillium, Asp
Page 131 and 132: duce odors which humans can recogni
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER 14 Evaluating a Mushroom St
Page 135 and 136: Figure 96. Healthy mushroom myceliu
Page 137 and 138: EVALUATING sustained. Without secon
Page 139 and 140: 14. Duration between 1st, 2nd and 3
Page 141 and 142: substantially in flavor. The cultiv
Page 143 and 144: G rain CHAPTER 15 Generating Grain
Page 145 and 146: Figure 101. One memod for preparing
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is added proportionately. Whereas t
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grams. 4 cups is approximately a li
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t .,..,..,,,.. ,'"'•• Figure 10
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Figure 111. Grain inoculated with m
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Figure 113. Gallon jars of 3rd gene
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ag resembles those still widely in
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Figure 116. Scanning electron nucro
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F— GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN 145 Fig
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Figure 120. Actively growing myceli
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Figure 122. Inoculating mycelium in
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the norm. The jars normally grow ou
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Figure 124. (Jyster mushrooms out"
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S awdust CHAPTER 16 Creating Sawdus
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Figure 125. Sawdust spawn of Reishi
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Figure 129. Dispersing the spawn th
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CHAPTER 17 Growing Gourmet Mushroom
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GROWING GOURMET MUSHROOMS ON ENRICH
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C H A P T E R 1 8 Cultivating Gourm
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ice, oat and sorghum straws are the
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Figure 146. A brick keeps the straw
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Figure 149. Newly constructed, scre
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spawn is gravity fed or hand broadc
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C hoosing CHAPTER 19 Cropping Conta
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onments typically ensue until the p
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Figure 158. The Phoenix Oyster, Ple
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Figure 162. The hinged wall-frame
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Figure 167. Bouquets of Golden Oyst
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Figure 171. By slamming the culumn
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latedsubstrate.An 8-ft. longcolumn,
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came a template for the cultivation
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CROPPING CONTAINERS 207 Figures 182
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CHAPTER 20 Casing: A Topsoil Promot
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CHAPTER 21 Growth Parameters for Go
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Figure 188. The Button mushroom (Ag
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of the surface, the region supporti
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other gourmet and medicinal mushroo
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Gilled
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Figure 193.20 days after inoculatio
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Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
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Harvest Hints: Since this mushroom
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The Enoki Mushroom Fkxmmulina velut
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 233 aspen, willow
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 235 short period
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Introduction: Before the publicatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 24f doors, this m
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Figure 216. Inoculated logs of Kuri
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 247 spores of spe
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In Japan, H. tessulatus is marketed
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I Figure 224. Commercial cultivatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 255 Figures 226 a
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The Shiitake Mushroom of the Genus
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 261 Figure 231 &
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Figure 235. After soaking, logs can
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 265 Figure 240. A
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 269 This species
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Figure 249. The "Donko" form of Shi
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When I was a impoverished, near-sta
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 275 nated) for 24
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The Nameko Mushroom of the Genus Ph
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 281 Natural Metho
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The Oyster Mushrooms of the Genus P
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Introduction: Few mushrooms are as
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259. Bottle culture of P. cttrtnopl
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Figure 262. A beautiful clustered b
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oom Kit. ri Pertecti's oyster Musn-
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Figure Wild fruiting of P cystidios
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Pleurotus djamor (Fries) Boedjin se
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 299 studies are c
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Medicinal Properties: Not known to
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Figure 275 and 276. P. eryngii frui
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 309 Pleurotus euo
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 313 Pleurotus ost
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Figure 282. A sporeless strain of P
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Suggested Agar Culture Media: MYPA,
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Spawn Run: Temperature: 75° F. (24
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Plate 1. Fruiting culture of Agrocy
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Plate 7. Flammulina velutipes, the
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Plates 14. Shiitake mushrooms, Lent
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Plate 22. Pleurotus eryngii, the Ki
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Plate 44. Two strains of Ganoderma
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Plate 51. Succulent bouquet of .Mai
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Pleurotuspulmonarius (Fries) Quelet
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Figure 287. F. pulmonarius fruiting
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 327 The Caramel C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 329 Psilocybe whi
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dicinal properties, instead focusin
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The King Stropharia of the Genus St
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Figure 297. Azureus Stamets holding
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 341 room can also
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 343 The Paddy Str
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Figure 303. Soaked straw is thrown
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 349 Figure 312—
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS T he The P
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 353 tude sickness
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 355 Ganoderma luc
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figure 318. U. lucidum (F'orintek's
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Natural Habitat: An annual mushroom
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 361 Figure 323—
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 363 Figures 327
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 367 Natural Metho
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 369 Comments: A s
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 371 form. Microsc
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Iligure 335. Maitake usually truits
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 377 1992, dried M
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 379 Fruitbody dev
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Figure 341. Sclerotia of North Amer
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 385 placed into a
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Lion's
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 389 Description:
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 393 Figure 349. W
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Wood E
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 397 A. polytricha
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS M orels Th
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 403 Figure 357. T
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 405 thousands per
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Figure 363. A Morel primordium form
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Common Names: The Black Morel The C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 413 Figure 372 &
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T e m p e r a U r e (°C) Profile o
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Figure 375. This mycological experi
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Growth Parameters* Spawn Run: Incub
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CHAPTER 22 Maximizing the Substrate
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dergoes another 50% reduction in ma
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CHAPTER 23 Harvesting, Storing, and
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Figure 378. Bouquets of Pleurotus o
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Figure 380. An example of poor pack
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P. a large blower located at one en
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CHAPTER 24 Mushroom Recipes: Enjoyi
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 433 Jack Czarnecki
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 435 Hope & Orson M
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 437 Robert Roselli
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Andrew Weil's Shiitake Teriyaki MUS
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 441 Recommended Mu
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T his CHAPTER 25 Cultivation Proble
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TROUBLESHOOTING 445 small tree frog
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Contaminants localized to point of
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TROUBLESHOOTING 449 PROBLEM CAUSE S
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APPENDIX I Descriptions of Environm
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proof electrical fixtures are essen
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neer systems with mushroom preserva
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APPENDIX II Designing and Building
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DESIGNING AND BUILDING A SPAWN LABO
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APPENDIX III The Growing Room: An E
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MOUTH MUSHROOM-CAVE NEAR PARI& THE
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Many farms employ pass-through curt
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move debris from the feet and enhan
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changes per hour required during th
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After washing, the growing room fee
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APPENDIX IV Resource Directory T he
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Mushroom Book Suppliers Fungi Perfe
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Mushroom Cultivation Seminars & Tra
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 487 Chibougamau
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 489 Nutmeg Mycol
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Centre for Land & Biological Resear
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J. B. Swayne Spawn (215) 444-0888 8
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 495 The Mushroom
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Material APPENDIX V Analysis of Bas
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASIC MAT ERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASI C M ATER
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M AT ER
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APPENDIX VI Data Conversion Tables
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1°F. = •5550 Kelvin 1° F = (.55
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DATA CONVERSION TABLES 517 Miscella
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Glossary A agar: a product derived
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droplets of spore bundles on relati
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mycophagist: a person or animal tha
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metabolic heat released as fungi, b
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Bibliography Adachi, K., H. Nanba,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 529 Chang, S.T. &W.A.
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______ BIBLIOGRAPHY 531 Gormanson,D
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_____1995. BIBLIOGRAPHY 533 Ito, T.
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wheat straw. Mushroom Journal of th
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_____J.A. 1991. Manual on mushmom c
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_____1987b. BIBLIOGRAPHY 539 Royse,
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_____,A. BIBLIOGRAPHY 541 Stijve, T
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543 1993. Boost immunity with medic
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A agaricum 351 agarikon 351 agar me
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ganoderic acids 368 Ganoderma 353,
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N Nuematoloma N. capnoides 237 N. f
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spore germination 100 spore load 24
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Alan Bessette Figures 52, 53 Julie
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