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58 BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY: AN EXPRESSION OF YIELD Many of the techniques described in this book will give yields substantiallyhigher than 100% B. E. Up to 1/2 conversion of wet substrate mass into harvestable mushrooms is possible. (I have succeeded in obtaining such yields with sets of Oyster, Shiitake, and Lion's Mane. Although 250% B. B. is exceptional, a good grower should operate within the 75- 125% range.) Considering the innate power of the mushroom mycelium to transform waste products into highly marketable delicacies, it is understandable why scientists, entrepreneurs, and ecologists are awestruck by the prospects of recycling with mushrooms. Superior yields can be attained by carefully following the techniques outlined in this book, paying strict attention to detail, and matching these techniques with the right strain. The best way to improve yields is simply to increase the spawn rate. Often the cultivator's best strategy Byproducts of Straw Substrate Due to Conversion by Pleurotus ostreatus is not to seek the highest overall yield. The first, second, and third crops (or flushes) are usually the best, with each successive flush de- creasing. For indoor cultivators, who are concerned with optimizing yield and crop ro- tation from each growing room, maximizing yield indoors may incur unacceptable risks. For instance, as the mycelium declines in vigor after several flushes, contaminants begin to flourish. Future runs are quickly imperiled. If growing on sterilized sawdust, I recom- mend removing the blocks after the third flush to a specially constructed, four sided, open-air netted growing room.This over-flow or' 'yield recapture" environment is simply fitted with an overhead nozzle misting system. Natural air cur- rents provide plenty of circulation. These recapture buildings givebonus crops and require minimum maintenance. Growers in Georgia and Louisiana have perfect climates for this a!- Carbon Dioxide 1111111 Water Mushrooms Residual Compost _____________ 50.0% 20.0% 10.0% 20.0% Figure 39. Chart showing comparison of by-products generated by Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mycelium's decomposition of wheat straw. (Adapted from Zadrazil (1976)). PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY: AN EXPRESSION OF YIELD 59 ternative. Subtropical regions ofAsia are similarly well suited. (For more information, see Appendix I.) Biological efficiency depends upon the stage of mushrooms at harvest. Young mushrooms ("buttons") are generally more delectable and store better. Yet if the entire crop is picked as buttons, a substantial loss in yield potential (B. B.) occurs. Mature mushrooms, on the other hand, may give the cultivator maximum biological efficiency, but also a crop with a very short shelf life and limited marketability. Each species passes through an ideal stage for harvesting as it matures. Just prior to maturity, features are transformed through the re-proportionment of cells without any substantial increase in the total weight of a mushroom as it matures. This is when the mushroom margins are decurved (pointing downwards) or slightly incurved, and well before spore generation peaks. Overtime, cultivators learn the ideal stage for harvest. PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
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GROWING GOURMET and MEDICINAL MUSHR
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This book should help advance the c
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GROWING GOURMET AND MEDICINAL MUSHR
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CHAPTER 1 Mushrooms, Civilization &
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Immortality (1976) where he postula
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CHAPTER 2 The Role of Mushrooms in
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Page 29 and 30: The Global Environmental Shift and
Page 31 and 32: nm peroxidases and cellulases which
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 3 S electing a Candidate fo
Page 35 and 36: SELECTING A CANDIDATE FOR CULTIVATI
Page 37 and 38: N atural CHAPTER 4 Natural Culture:
Page 39 and 40: NATURAL CULTURE: CREATING MYCOLOGIC
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 5 The Stametsian Model: Per
Page 59 and 60: PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
Page 61 and 62: PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 6 Materials for Formulating
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS FOR FORMULATING A FRUITIN
Page 73: CHAPTER 7 Biological Efficiency: An
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER8 Home-made vs. Commercial S
Page 79 and 80: HOME-MADE VERSUS COMMERCIAL SPAWN 6
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 9 The Mushroom Life Cycle W
Page 83 and 84: Figure 44. Scanning electron microg
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Page 87 and 88: Figure 51. A fully mature basidium.
Page 89 and 90: posites. The method of spore ejecti
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Page 101 and 102: MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
Page 103 and 104: MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 12 Culturing Mushroom Mycel
Page 107 and 108: CULTURING MUSHROOM MYCELIUM ON AGAR
Page 119 and 120: E very CHAPTER 13 The Stock Culture
Page 121 and 122: If one has ten or more replicates,
Page 123 and 124: eads: FVITC P2 11/16/92 C # 0825905
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Figure 87. Rhizomorphic mycelium di
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exemplified by Laetiporus suiphureu
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molds belonging to Penicillium, Asp
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duce odors which humans can recogni
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CHAPTER 14 Evaluating a Mushroom St
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Figure 96. Healthy mushroom myceliu
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EVALUATING sustained. Without secon
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14. Duration between 1st, 2nd and 3
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substantially in flavor. The cultiv
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G rain CHAPTER 15 Generating Grain
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Figure 101. One memod for preparing
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is added proportionately. Whereas t
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grams. 4 cups is approximately a li
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t .,..,..,,,.. ,'"'•• Figure 10
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Figure 111. Grain inoculated with m
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Figure 113. Gallon jars of 3rd gene
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ag resembles those still widely in
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Figure 116. Scanning electron nucro
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F— GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN 145 Fig
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Figure 120. Actively growing myceli
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Figure 122. Inoculating mycelium in
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the norm. The jars normally grow ou
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Figure 124. (Jyster mushrooms out"
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S awdust CHAPTER 16 Creating Sawdus
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Figure 125. Sawdust spawn of Reishi
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Figure 129. Dispersing the spawn th
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CHAPTER 17 Growing Gourmet Mushroom
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GROWING GOURMET MUSHROOMS ON ENRICH
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C H A P T E R 1 8 Cultivating Gourm
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ice, oat and sorghum straws are the
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Figure 146. A brick keeps the straw
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Figure 149. Newly constructed, scre
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spawn is gravity fed or hand broadc
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C hoosing CHAPTER 19 Cropping Conta
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onments typically ensue until the p
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Figure 158. The Phoenix Oyster, Ple
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Figure 162. The hinged wall-frame
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Figure 167. Bouquets of Golden Oyst
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Figure 171. By slamming the culumn
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latedsubstrate.An 8-ft. longcolumn,
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came a template for the cultivation
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CROPPING CONTAINERS 207 Figures 182
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CHAPTER 20 Casing: A Topsoil Promot
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CHAPTER 21 Growth Parameters for Go
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Figure 188. The Button mushroom (Ag
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of the surface, the region supporti
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other gourmet and medicinal mushroo
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Gilled
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Figure 193.20 days after inoculatio
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Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
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Harvest Hints: Since this mushroom
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The Enoki Mushroom Fkxmmulina velut
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 233 aspen, willow
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 235 short period
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Introduction: Before the publicatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 24f doors, this m
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Figure 216. Inoculated logs of Kuri
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 247 spores of spe
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In Japan, H. tessulatus is marketed
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I Figure 224. Commercial cultivatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 255 Figures 226 a
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The Shiitake Mushroom of the Genus
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 261 Figure 231 &
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Figure 235. After soaking, logs can
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 265 Figure 240. A
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 269 This species
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Figure 249. The "Donko" form of Shi
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When I was a impoverished, near-sta
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 275 nated) for 24
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The Nameko Mushroom of the Genus Ph
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 281 Natural Metho
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The Oyster Mushrooms of the Genus P
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Introduction: Few mushrooms are as
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259. Bottle culture of P. cttrtnopl
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Figure 262. A beautiful clustered b
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oom Kit. ri Pertecti's oyster Musn-
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Figure Wild fruiting of P cystidios
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Pleurotus djamor (Fries) Boedjin se
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 299 studies are c
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Medicinal Properties: Not known to
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Figure 275 and 276. P. eryngii frui
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 309 Pleurotus euo
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 313 Pleurotus ost
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Figure 282. A sporeless strain of P
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Suggested Agar Culture Media: MYPA,
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Spawn Run: Temperature: 75° F. (24
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Plate 1. Fruiting culture of Agrocy
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Plate 7. Flammulina velutipes, the
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Plates 14. Shiitake mushrooms, Lent
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Plate 22. Pleurotus eryngii, the Ki
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Plate 44. Two strains of Ganoderma
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Plate 51. Succulent bouquet of .Mai
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Pleurotuspulmonarius (Fries) Quelet
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Figure 287. F. pulmonarius fruiting
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 327 The Caramel C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 329 Psilocybe whi
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dicinal properties, instead focusin
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The King Stropharia of the Genus St
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Figure 297. Azureus Stamets holding
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 341 room can also
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 343 The Paddy Str
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Figure 303. Soaked straw is thrown
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 349 Figure 312—
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS T he The P
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 353 tude sickness
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 355 Ganoderma luc
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figure 318. U. lucidum (F'orintek's
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Natural Habitat: An annual mushroom
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 361 Figure 323—
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 363 Figures 327
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 367 Natural Metho
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 369 Comments: A s
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 371 form. Microsc
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Iligure 335. Maitake usually truits
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 377 1992, dried M
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 379 Fruitbody dev
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Figure 341. Sclerotia of North Amer
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 385 placed into a
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Lion's
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 389 Description:
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 393 Figure 349. W
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Wood E
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 397 A. polytricha
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS M orels Th
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 403 Figure 357. T
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 405 thousands per
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Figure 363. A Morel primordium form
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Common Names: The Black Morel The C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 413 Figure 372 &
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T e m p e r a U r e (°C) Profile o
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Figure 375. This mycological experi
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Growth Parameters* Spawn Run: Incub
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CHAPTER 22 Maximizing the Substrate
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dergoes another 50% reduction in ma
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CHAPTER 23 Harvesting, Storing, and
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Figure 378. Bouquets of Pleurotus o
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Figure 380. An example of poor pack
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P. a large blower located at one en
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CHAPTER 24 Mushroom Recipes: Enjoyi
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 433 Jack Czarnecki
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 435 Hope & Orson M
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 437 Robert Roselli
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Andrew Weil's Shiitake Teriyaki MUS
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 441 Recommended Mu
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T his CHAPTER 25 Cultivation Proble
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TROUBLESHOOTING 445 small tree frog
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Contaminants localized to point of
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TROUBLESHOOTING 449 PROBLEM CAUSE S
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APPENDIX I Descriptions of Environm
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proof electrical fixtures are essen
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neer systems with mushroom preserva
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APPENDIX II Designing and Building
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DESIGNING AND BUILDING A SPAWN LABO
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APPENDIX III The Growing Room: An E
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MOUTH MUSHROOM-CAVE NEAR PARI& THE
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Many farms employ pass-through curt
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move debris from the feet and enhan
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changes per hour required during th
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After washing, the growing room fee
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APPENDIX IV Resource Directory T he
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Mushroom Book Suppliers Fungi Perfe
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Mushroom Cultivation Seminars & Tra
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 487 Chibougamau
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 489 Nutmeg Mycol
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Centre for Land & Biological Resear
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J. B. Swayne Spawn (215) 444-0888 8
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 495 The Mushroom
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Material APPENDIX V Analysis of Bas
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASIC MAT ERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASI C M ATER
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M AT ER
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APPENDIX VI Data Conversion Tables
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1°F. = •5550 Kelvin 1° F = (.55
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DATA CONVERSION TABLES 517 Miscella
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Glossary A agar: a product derived
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droplets of spore bundles on relati
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mycophagist: a person or animal tha
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metabolic heat released as fungi, b
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Bibliography Adachi, K., H. Nanba,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 529 Chang, S.T. &W.A.
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______ BIBLIOGRAPHY 531 Gormanson,D
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_____1995. BIBLIOGRAPHY 533 Ito, T.
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wheat straw. Mushroom Journal of th
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_____J.A. 1991. Manual on mushmom c
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_____1987b. BIBLIOGRAPHY 539 Royse,
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_____,A. BIBLIOGRAPHY 541 Stijve, T
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543 1993. Boost immunity with medic
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A agaricum 351 agarikon 351 agar me
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ganoderic acids 368 Ganoderma 353,
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N Nuematoloma N. capnoides 237 N. f
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spore germination 100 spore load 24
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Alan Bessette Figures 52, 53 Julie
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