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462 DESIGNING AND BUILDIN G A SPAWN LABORATORY profound implications on the integrity of the entire operation. The growing of mushroom mycelium in absence of competitors is in total contradiction to nature. In other words, the laboratory is an artificial environment, one designed to forestall the tide of contaminants seeking to colonize the same nutritious media thathas been set out for the mushroom mycelium. This was a frightening state of affairs for most would-be cultivators until books like The Mushroom Cultivator by Stamets & Chilton (1983) and this one offered simple techniques for making sterile culture practical for mushroom cultivators. These volumes represent, historically, a critical step in the passing of the power of sterile tissue culture to the masses at large. Before the advent of HEPA filters*, sterile culture work succeeded only by constantly battling legions of contaminants with toxic disinfectants, presenting real health hazards to the laboratory personnel. Now, the use of disinfectants is minimized because the air is constantly being re-filtered and cleaned. Once airborne contamination is eliminated, the other vectors of contamination become much easier to control. (Please consult Chapter 10 for the Six Vectors of Contamination.) Most people reading this book will retrofit a bedroom or walk-in pantry in their home. Large scale, commercial operations will require a separate building. In either case, this chapter will describe the parameters necessary for designing and building a laboratory. If you are building a laboratory and pay strict attention to the concepts outlined herein, contamination will be * HEPA = High Efficiency ParticulateAirFilters eliminate particulates down to .3 microns with an efficiency rating of 99.99%. ULPA (Ultra-Particulate Air) filters screen out particles down to .1 u m with 99.9999% efficiency. minimized. Like a musical instrument, the laboratory must be fine tuned for best results. Once the lab is up and running, a sterile state of equilibrium will preside for a short time. Without proper maintenance, the lab, as we say "crashes". The laboratory personnel must constantly clean and stay clean while they work. Since the laboratory personnel are the greatest threat to the lab's sterility, they must shoulder the responsibility for every failure. The laboratory should be far removed from the growing rooms, preferably in a separate building. The air of the laboratory is always kept free of airborne particulates while the growing rooms' air becomes saturated with mushroom spores. The growing rooms are destined to contaminate. Even the spores of mushrooms should be viewed as potential contaminants threatening the laboratory. If both the laboratory and growing rooms are housed in the same building, contamination is much more likely. Since the activities within the laboratory and growing rooms are distinctly different, separate buildings are preferred. I know of several large mushroom farms which built their spawn laboratory in amidst their growing rooms. Their ability to generate pure culture spawn is constantly beingjeopardized by the contaminants coming from the growing rooms. Every day, the laboratory manager faces a nightmarish barrage of contaminants. A good flow pattern of raw materials through the laboratory, and of mature cultures out of the laboratory is essential. Farms with bad flow patterns must constantly wage war against seas of contaminants. The concepts are obvious. The positioning of the growing room exhaust fans should be oriented so as not to direct a "spore stream of contaminants" into the laboratory filtration system. Furthermore, the design of a mushroom farm's buildings should PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
DESIGNING AND BUILDING A SPAWN LABORATORY HEPA Filter Electrostatic Air Cleaner Outside Air Return From Lab Fan to be capable of delivering 1200 cfm at 4" water gauge static pressure. Laboratory Air Filtration System Course Pre-Filter Electronic Air Cleaner downstream from Refrigeration Coil would catch any growth from the Coil.. Pre-Filter is upstream from Refrigeration Coil. Figure 386. Exteriorly located, air filtration system for the laboratory. This configuration allows the filtration, heating and cooling of incoming and recirculated air. The filters must be removed periodically for cleaning and/ or replacement. PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor 463
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GROWING GOURMET and MEDICINAL MUSHR
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This book should help advance the c
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GROWING GOURMET AND MEDICINAL MUSHR
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CHAPTER 1 Mushrooms, Civilization &
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Immortality (1976) where he postula
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CHAPTER 2 The Role of Mushrooms in
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tive species and planted in plots s
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ducing organ: the mushroom. Further
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fungi first to capture a twig, a bl
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The Global Environmental Shift and
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nm peroxidases and cellulases which
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CHAPTER 3 S electing a Candidate fo
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SELECTING A CANDIDATE FOR CULTIVATI
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N atural CHAPTER 4 Natural Culture:
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NATURAL CULTURE: CREATING MYCOLOGIC
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CHAPTER 5 The Stametsian Model: Per
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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CHAPTER 6 Materials for Formulating
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MATERIALS FOR FORMULATING A FRUITIN
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CHAPTER 7 Biological Efficiency: An
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BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY: AN EXPRESSIO
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CHAPTER8 Home-made vs. Commercial S
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HOME-MADE VERSUS COMMERCIAL SPAWN 6
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CHAPTER 9 The Mushroom Life Cycle W
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Figure 44. Scanning electron microg
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scape, the inycosphere, will give r
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Figure 51. A fully mature basidium.
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posites. The method of spore ejecti
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C ultivating CHAPTER 10 The Six Vec
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floor. After a minute or two, the c
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The best one can hope is that conta
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Figure 60. Storing petri mobile cre
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S terile CHAPTER 11 Mind and Method
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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CHAPTER 12 Culturing Mushroom Mycel
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CULTURING MUSHROOM MYCELIUM ON AGAR
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E very CHAPTER 13 The Stock Culture
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If one has ten or more replicates,
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eads: FVITC P2 11/16/92 C # 0825905
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Figure 87. Rhizomorphic mycelium di
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exemplified by Laetiporus suiphureu
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molds belonging to Penicillium, Asp
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duce odors which humans can recogni
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CHAPTER 14 Evaluating a Mushroom St
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Figure 96. Healthy mushroom myceliu
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EVALUATING sustained. Without secon
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14. Duration between 1st, 2nd and 3
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substantially in flavor. The cultiv
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G rain CHAPTER 15 Generating Grain
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Figure 101. One memod for preparing
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is added proportionately. Whereas t
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grams. 4 cups is approximately a li
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t .,..,..,,,.. ,'"'•• Figure 10
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Figure 111. Grain inoculated with m
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Figure 113. Gallon jars of 3rd gene
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ag resembles those still widely in
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Figure 116. Scanning electron nucro
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F— GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN 145 Fig
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Figure 120. Actively growing myceli
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Figure 122. Inoculating mycelium in
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the norm. The jars normally grow ou
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Figure 124. (Jyster mushrooms out"
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S awdust CHAPTER 16 Creating Sawdus
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Figure 125. Sawdust spawn of Reishi
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Figure 129. Dispersing the spawn th
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CHAPTER 17 Growing Gourmet Mushroom
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GROWING GOURMET MUSHROOMS ON ENRICH
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C H A P T E R 1 8 Cultivating Gourm
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ice, oat and sorghum straws are the
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Figure 146. A brick keeps the straw
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Figure 149. Newly constructed, scre
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spawn is gravity fed or hand broadc
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C hoosing CHAPTER 19 Cropping Conta
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onments typically ensue until the p
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Figure 158. The Phoenix Oyster, Ple
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Figure 162. The hinged wall-frame
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Figure 167. Bouquets of Golden Oyst
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Figure 171. By slamming the culumn
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latedsubstrate.An 8-ft. longcolumn,
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came a template for the cultivation
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CROPPING CONTAINERS 207 Figures 182
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CHAPTER 20 Casing: A Topsoil Promot
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CHAPTER 21 Growth Parameters for Go
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Figure 188. The Button mushroom (Ag
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of the surface, the region supporti
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other gourmet and medicinal mushroo
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Gilled
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Figure 193.20 days after inoculatio
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Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
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Harvest Hints: Since this mushroom
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The Enoki Mushroom Fkxmmulina velut
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 233 aspen, willow
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 235 short period
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Introduction: Before the publicatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 24f doors, this m
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Figure 216. Inoculated logs of Kuri
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 247 spores of spe
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In Japan, H. tessulatus is marketed
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I Figure 224. Commercial cultivatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 255 Figures 226 a
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The Shiitake Mushroom of the Genus
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 261 Figure 231 &
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Figure 235. After soaking, logs can
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 265 Figure 240. A
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 269 This species
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Figure 249. The "Donko" form of Shi
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When I was a impoverished, near-sta
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 275 nated) for 24
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The Nameko Mushroom of the Genus Ph
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 281 Natural Metho
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The Oyster Mushrooms of the Genus P
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Introduction: Few mushrooms are as
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259. Bottle culture of P. cttrtnopl
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Figure 262. A beautiful clustered b
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oom Kit. ri Pertecti's oyster Musn-
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Figure Wild fruiting of P cystidios
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Pleurotus djamor (Fries) Boedjin se
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 299 studies are c
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Medicinal Properties: Not known to
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Figure 275 and 276. P. eryngii frui
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 309 Pleurotus euo
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 313 Pleurotus ost
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Figure 282. A sporeless strain of P
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Suggested Agar Culture Media: MYPA,
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Spawn Run: Temperature: 75° F. (24
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Plate 1. Fruiting culture of Agrocy
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Plate 7. Flammulina velutipes, the
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Plates 14. Shiitake mushrooms, Lent
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Plate 22. Pleurotus eryngii, the Ki
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Plate 44. Two strains of Ganoderma
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Plate 51. Succulent bouquet of .Mai
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Pleurotuspulmonarius (Fries) Quelet
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Figure 287. F. pulmonarius fruiting
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 327 The Caramel C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 329 Psilocybe whi
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dicinal properties, instead focusin
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The King Stropharia of the Genus St
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Figure 297. Azureus Stamets holding
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 341 room can also
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 343 The Paddy Str
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Figure 303. Soaked straw is thrown
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 349 Figure 312—
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS T he The P
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 353 tude sickness
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 355 Ganoderma luc
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figure 318. U. lucidum (F'orintek's
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Natural Habitat: An annual mushroom
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 361 Figure 323—
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 363 Figures 327
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 367 Natural Metho
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 369 Comments: A s
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 371 form. Microsc
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Iligure 335. Maitake usually truits
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 377 1992, dried M
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 379 Fruitbody dev
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Figure 341. Sclerotia of North Amer
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 385 placed into a
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Lion's
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 389 Description:
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 393 Figure 349. W
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Wood E
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 397 A. polytricha
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS M orels Th
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 403 Figure 357. T
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 405 thousands per
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Figure 363. A Morel primordium form
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Common Names: The Black Morel The C
Page 443 and 444: GROWTH PARAMETERS 413 Figure 372 &
Page 445 and 446: T e m p e r a U r e (°C) Profile o
Page 447 and 448: Figure 375. This mycological experi
Page 449 and 450: Growth Parameters* Spawn Run: Incub
Page 451 and 452: CHAPTER 22 Maximizing the Substrate
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Page 455 and 456: CHAPTER 23 Harvesting, Storing, and
Page 457 and 458: Figure 378. Bouquets of Pleurotus o
Page 459 and 460: Figure 380. An example of poor pack
Page 461 and 462: P. a large blower located at one en
Page 463 and 464: CHAPTER 24 Mushroom Recipes: Enjoyi
Page 465 and 466: MUSHROOM RECIPES 433 Jack Czarnecki
Page 467 and 468: MUSHROOM RECIPES 435 Hope & Orson M
Page 469 and 470: MUSHROOM RECIPES 437 Robert Roselli
Page 471 and 472: Andrew Weil's Shiitake Teriyaki MUS
Page 473 and 474: MUSHROOM RECIPES 441 Recommended Mu
Page 475 and 476: T his CHAPTER 25 Cultivation Proble
Page 477 and 478: TROUBLESHOOTING 445 small tree frog
Page 479 and 480: Contaminants localized to point of
Page 481 and 482: TROUBLESHOOTING 449 PROBLEM CAUSE S
Page 487 and 488: APPENDIX I Descriptions of Environm
Page 489 and 490: proof electrical fixtures are essen
Page 491 and 492: neer systems with mushroom preserva
Page 493: APPENDIX II Designing and Building
Page 497 and 498: DESIGNING AND BUILDING A SPAWN LABO
Page 499 and 500: DESIGNING AND BUILDING A SPAWN LABO
Page 501 and 502: APPENDIX III The Growing Room: An E
Page 503 and 504: MOUTH MUSHROOM-CAVE NEAR PARI& THE
Page 505 and 506: Many farms employ pass-through curt
Page 507 and 508: move debris from the feet and enhan
Page 509 and 510: changes per hour required during th
Page 511 and 512: After washing, the growing room fee
Page 513 and 514: APPENDIX IV Resource Directory T he
Page 515 and 516: Mushroom Book Suppliers Fungi Perfe
Page 517 and 518: Mushroom Cultivation Seminars & Tra
Page 519 and 520: RESOURCE DIRECTORY 487 Chibougamau
Page 521 and 522: RESOURCE DIRECTORY 489 Nutmeg Mycol
Page 523 and 524: Centre for Land & Biological Resear
Page 525 and 526: J. B. Swayne Spawn (215) 444-0888 8
Page 527 and 528: RESOURCE DIRECTORY 495 The Mushroom
Page 529 and 530: Material APPENDIX V Analysis of Bas
Page 531 and 532: Material ANALYSIS OF B ASIC MAT ERI
Page 533 and 534: Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
Page 535 and 536: Material ANALYSIS OF B ASI C M ATER
Page 537 and 538: Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
Page 539 and 540: Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
Page 541 and 542: Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
Page 543 and 544: Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M AT ER
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APPENDIX VI Data Conversion Tables
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1°F. = •5550 Kelvin 1° F = (.55
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DATA CONVERSION TABLES 517 Miscella
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Glossary A agar: a product derived
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droplets of spore bundles on relati
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mycophagist: a person or animal tha
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metabolic heat released as fungi, b
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Bibliography Adachi, K., H. Nanba,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 529 Chang, S.T. &W.A.
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______ BIBLIOGRAPHY 531 Gormanson,D
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_____1995. BIBLIOGRAPHY 533 Ito, T.
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wheat straw. Mushroom Journal of th
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_____J.A. 1991. Manual on mushmom c
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_____1987b. BIBLIOGRAPHY 539 Royse,
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_____,A. BIBLIOGRAPHY 541 Stijve, T
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543 1993. Boost immunity with medic
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A agaricum 351 agarikon 351 agar me
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ganoderic acids 368 Ganoderma 353,
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N Nuematoloma N. capnoides 237 N. f
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spore germination 100 spore load 24
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Alan Bessette Figures 52, 53 Julie
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