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260 GROWTH PARAMETERS Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler Introduction: Log culture, although traditional in Asia, has yet to become highly profitable in North America —despite the hopes of many woodlot owners. However, log culture does generate modest supplementary income and fits well within the emerging concept of mycopermaculture. In contrast, indoor cultivation on sterilized sawdust-based substrates is proving to be highly profitable for those who perfect the technique. Most successful American growers have adapted the methods originating in Asia for the cultivation of this mushroom on sterilized substrates by doubling or tripling the mass of each fruiting block and by "through-spawning". The Japanese, Taiwanese and Thai production systems typically utilize cylindrically shaped bags filled with 1 kilogram of supplemented sawdust which are top-inoculated. This method gives a maximum of two flushes whereas the more massive blocks (2-3 kilograms apiece) provide 4 or 5 flushes before expiring. The method I have developed, and which is illustrated in this book, Figure 230. Mycelia of L. edodes 25 and 40 days after inoculation onto sterilized malt extract agar media. Note formation of hyphal aggregates gives rise to fruitings within 20-3 5 days of inoculation, two to three times faster than most cultivators achieve on sterilized substrates. This technique is fully described in the ensuing paragraphs. Common Names: Shiitake (Japanese for "Shii Mushroom") Golden Oak Mushroom in the culture on the left. This is a strain specific phenomenon and usually indicates vigor. The culture at the right shows browning reaction of the outer-edge mycelium. This coloration change as the mycelium ages is typical of Shiitake. PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
GROWTH PARAMETERS 261 Figure 231 & 232. Oak logs incubating after inoculation with Shiitake plug spawn in uninsulated, shade clothed greenhouses in Japan and in United States. Black Forest Mushroom Black Mushroom Oakwood Mushroom Chinese Mushroom Shiangu-gu or Shiang Ku (Chinese for "Fragrant Mushroom") Donku Pasania Taxonomic Considerations: Shiitake mushrooms were originally described as Agaricus edodes by Berkeley in 1877. Thereupon the mushroom has been variously placed in the Genera Collybia, Armillaria, Lepiota, Pleurotus and Lentinus. Most cultivators are familiar with Shiitake as Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer. Shiitake has recently been moved to the Genus Lentinula by Pegler The Genus Lentinula was originally conceived by Earle in the early 1900's and resurrected by Pegler in the 1970's to better define members formerly placed in Lentinus. Both genera are characterized by white spores, centrally to eccentrically attached stems, gill edges which are often serrated, and a distinct preference for woodland environments. The genera differ primarily in microscopic features. The Genus Lentinulais monomitic, i.e. lacking dimitic hyphae in the flesh, and have cells fairly parallel and descending in their arrangement within the gill trama. Members in the Genus Lentinus have a flesh composed of dimitic hyphae and have highly irregular or interwoven cells in the gill trama. PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
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GROWING GOURMET and MEDICINAL MUSHR
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This book should help advance the c
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GROWING GOURMET AND MEDICINAL MUSHR
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CHAPTER 1 Mushrooms, Civilization &
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Immortality (1976) where he postula
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CHAPTER 2 The Role of Mushrooms in
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tive species and planted in plots s
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ducing organ: the mushroom. Further
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fungi first to capture a twig, a bl
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The Global Environmental Shift and
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nm peroxidases and cellulases which
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CHAPTER 3 S electing a Candidate fo
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SELECTING A CANDIDATE FOR CULTIVATI
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N atural CHAPTER 4 Natural Culture:
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NATURAL CULTURE: CREATING MYCOLOGIC
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CHAPTER 5 The Stametsian Model: Per
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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CHAPTER 6 Materials for Formulating
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MATERIALS FOR FORMULATING A FRUITIN
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CHAPTER 7 Biological Efficiency: An
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BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY: AN EXPRESSIO
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CHAPTER8 Home-made vs. Commercial S
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HOME-MADE VERSUS COMMERCIAL SPAWN 6
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CHAPTER 9 The Mushroom Life Cycle W
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Figure 44. Scanning electron microg
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scape, the inycosphere, will give r
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Figure 51. A fully mature basidium.
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posites. The method of spore ejecti
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C ultivating CHAPTER 10 The Six Vec
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floor. After a minute or two, the c
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The best one can hope is that conta
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Figure 60. Storing petri mobile cre
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S terile CHAPTER 11 Mind and Method
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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CHAPTER 12 Culturing Mushroom Mycel
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CULTURING MUSHROOM MYCELIUM ON AGAR
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E very CHAPTER 13 The Stock Culture
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If one has ten or more replicates,
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eads: FVITC P2 11/16/92 C # 0825905
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Figure 87. Rhizomorphic mycelium di
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exemplified by Laetiporus suiphureu
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molds belonging to Penicillium, Asp
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duce odors which humans can recogni
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CHAPTER 14 Evaluating a Mushroom St
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Figure 96. Healthy mushroom myceliu
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EVALUATING sustained. Without secon
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14. Duration between 1st, 2nd and 3
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substantially in flavor. The cultiv
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G rain CHAPTER 15 Generating Grain
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Figure 101. One memod for preparing
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is added proportionately. Whereas t
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grams. 4 cups is approximately a li
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t .,..,..,,,.. ,'"'•• Figure 10
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Figure 111. Grain inoculated with m
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Figure 113. Gallon jars of 3rd gene
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ag resembles those still widely in
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Figure 116. Scanning electron nucro
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F— GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN 145 Fig
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Figure 120. Actively growing myceli
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Figure 122. Inoculating mycelium in
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the norm. The jars normally grow ou
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Figure 124. (Jyster mushrooms out"
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S awdust CHAPTER 16 Creating Sawdus
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Figure 125. Sawdust spawn of Reishi
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Figure 129. Dispersing the spawn th
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CHAPTER 17 Growing Gourmet Mushroom
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GROWING GOURMET MUSHROOMS ON ENRICH
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C H A P T E R 1 8 Cultivating Gourm
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ice, oat and sorghum straws are the
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Figure 146. A brick keeps the straw
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Figure 149. Newly constructed, scre
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spawn is gravity fed or hand broadc
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C hoosing CHAPTER 19 Cropping Conta
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onments typically ensue until the p
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Figure 158. The Phoenix Oyster, Ple
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Figure 162. The hinged wall-frame
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Figure 167. Bouquets of Golden Oyst
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Figure 171. By slamming the culumn
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latedsubstrate.An 8-ft. longcolumn,
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came a template for the cultivation
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CROPPING CONTAINERS 207 Figures 182
Page 225 and 226: CHAPTER 20 Casing: A Topsoil Promot
Page 227 and 228: CHAPTER 21 Growth Parameters for Go
Page 229 and 230: Figure 188. The Button mushroom (Ag
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Page 233 and 234: other gourmet and medicinal mushroo
Page 235 and 236: INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Gilled
Page 237 and 238: Figure 193.20 days after inoculatio
Page 239 and 240: Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
Page 243 and 244: Harvest Hints: Since this mushroom
Page 245 and 246: The Enoki Mushroom Fkxmmulina velut
Page 249 and 250: GROWTH PARAMETERS 233 aspen, willow
Page 251 and 252: GROWTH PARAMETERS 235 short period
Page 253 and 254: Introduction: Before the publicatio
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Page 261 and 262: Figure 216. Inoculated logs of Kuri
Page 263 and 264: GROWTH PARAMETERS 247 spores of spe
Page 265 and 266: In Japan, H. tessulatus is marketed
Page 269 and 270: I Figure 224. Commercial cultivatio
Page 271 and 272: GROWTH PARAMETERS 255 Figures 226 a
Page 275: The Shiitake Mushroom of the Genus
Page 279 and 280: Figure 235. After soaking, logs can
Page 281 and 282: GROWTH PARAMETERS 265 Figure 240. A
Page 285 and 286: GROWTH PARAMETERS 269 This species
Page 287 and 288: Figure 249. The "Donko" form of Shi
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Page 291 and 292: GROWTH PARAMETERS 275 nated) for 24
Page 293 and 294: The Nameko Mushroom of the Genus Ph
Page 297 and 298: GROWTH PARAMETERS 281 Natural Metho
Page 299 and 300: The Oyster Mushrooms of the Genus P
Page 301 and 302: Introduction: Few mushrooms are as
Page 303 and 304: 259. Bottle culture of P. cttrtnopl
Page 305 and 306: Figure 262. A beautiful clustered b
Page 307 and 308: oom Kit. ri Pertecti's oyster Musn-
Page 311 and 312: Figure Wild fruiting of P cystidios
Page 313 and 314: Pleurotus djamor (Fries) Boedjin se
Page 315 and 316: GROWTH PARAMETERS 299 studies are c
Page 319 and 320: Medicinal Properties: Not known to
Page 321 and 322: Figure 275 and 276. P. eryngii frui
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Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 313 Pleurotus ost
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Figure 282. A sporeless strain of P
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Suggested Agar Culture Media: MYPA,
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Spawn Run: Temperature: 75° F. (24
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Plate 1. Fruiting culture of Agrocy
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Plate 7. Flammulina velutipes, the
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Plates 14. Shiitake mushrooms, Lent
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Plate 22. Pleurotus eryngii, the Ki
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Plate 44. Two strains of Ganoderma
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Plate 51. Succulent bouquet of .Mai
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Pleurotuspulmonarius (Fries) Quelet
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Figure 287. F. pulmonarius fruiting
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 327 The Caramel C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 329 Psilocybe whi
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dicinal properties, instead focusin
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The King Stropharia of the Genus St
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Figure 297. Azureus Stamets holding
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 341 room can also
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 343 The Paddy Str
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Figure 303. Soaked straw is thrown
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 349 Figure 312—
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS T he The P
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 353 tude sickness
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 355 Ganoderma luc
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figure 318. U. lucidum (F'orintek's
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Natural Habitat: An annual mushroom
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 361 Figure 323—
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 363 Figures 327
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 367 Natural Metho
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 369 Comments: A s
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 371 form. Microsc
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Iligure 335. Maitake usually truits
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 377 1992, dried M
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 379 Fruitbody dev
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Figure 341. Sclerotia of North Amer
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 385 placed into a
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Lion's
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 389 Description:
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 393 Figure 349. W
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Wood E
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 397 A. polytricha
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS M orels Th
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 403 Figure 357. T
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 405 thousands per
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Figure 363. A Morel primordium form
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Common Names: The Black Morel The C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 413 Figure 372 &
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T e m p e r a U r e (°C) Profile o
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Figure 375. This mycological experi
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Growth Parameters* Spawn Run: Incub
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CHAPTER 22 Maximizing the Substrate
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dergoes another 50% reduction in ma
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CHAPTER 23 Harvesting, Storing, and
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Figure 378. Bouquets of Pleurotus o
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Figure 380. An example of poor pack
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P. a large blower located at one en
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CHAPTER 24 Mushroom Recipes: Enjoyi
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 433 Jack Czarnecki
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 435 Hope & Orson M
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 437 Robert Roselli
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Andrew Weil's Shiitake Teriyaki MUS
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 441 Recommended Mu
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T his CHAPTER 25 Cultivation Proble
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TROUBLESHOOTING 445 small tree frog
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Contaminants localized to point of
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TROUBLESHOOTING 449 PROBLEM CAUSE S
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APPENDIX I Descriptions of Environm
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proof electrical fixtures are essen
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neer systems with mushroom preserva
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APPENDIX II Designing and Building
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DESIGNING AND BUILDING A SPAWN LABO
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APPENDIX III The Growing Room: An E
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MOUTH MUSHROOM-CAVE NEAR PARI& THE
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Many farms employ pass-through curt
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move debris from the feet and enhan
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changes per hour required during th
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After washing, the growing room fee
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APPENDIX IV Resource Directory T he
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Mushroom Book Suppliers Fungi Perfe
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Mushroom Cultivation Seminars & Tra
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 487 Chibougamau
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 489 Nutmeg Mycol
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Centre for Land & Biological Resear
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J. B. Swayne Spawn (215) 444-0888 8
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 495 The Mushroom
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Material APPENDIX V Analysis of Bas
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASIC MAT ERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASI C M ATER
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M AT ER
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APPENDIX VI Data Conversion Tables
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1°F. = •5550 Kelvin 1° F = (.55
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DATA CONVERSION TABLES 517 Miscella
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Glossary A agar: a product derived
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droplets of spore bundles on relati
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mycophagist: a person or animal tha
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metabolic heat released as fungi, b
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Bibliography Adachi, K., H. Nanba,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 529 Chang, S.T. &W.A.
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______ BIBLIOGRAPHY 531 Gormanson,D
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_____1995. BIBLIOGRAPHY 533 Ito, T.
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wheat straw. Mushroom Journal of th
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_____J.A. 1991. Manual on mushmom c
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_____1987b. BIBLIOGRAPHY 539 Royse,
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_____,A. BIBLIOGRAPHY 541 Stijve, T
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543 1993. Boost immunity with medic
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A agaricum 351 agarikon 351 agar me
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ganoderic acids 368 Ganoderma 353,
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N Nuematoloma N. capnoides 237 N. f
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spore germination 100 spore load 24
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Alan Bessette Figures 52, 53 Julie
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