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210 CASING: A TOPSOIL A dozen or so casing soils have been used successfully in the commercial cultivation of mushrooms. They all revolve around a central set of components: peat moss, vermiculite, calcium carbonate (chalk), and calcium sulfate (gypsum). Recently, "water crystals," a watercapturing plastic, have been tried as a casing component with varying results.These crystals can absorb up to 400 times their weight in water and do not support contaminants, two highly desirable characteristics. Unfortunately, the fact that water crystals are not fully biodegradable and can not be easily recovered from the spent substrate greatly limits their acceptance by environmentally astute growers. Starchbased water absorb ants tend to clump and must be added with an aggregate. Cultivators must weigh in balance these factors when designing the casing mixture. For many years, cultivators have used the following casing formula. Casing Formula (by volume) 10 units peat moss unit calcium sulfate (gypsum) 1 I unit calcium carbonate (chalk) Calcium carbonate is used to offset the acid- ity of the peat moss and should be adjusted according to desired pHlevels. Calcium sulfate, a non-pH affecting salt*, provides looseness (particle and mineral salts, especially sulphur and calcium, essential elements for mushroom metabolism. Peat moss, although lacking in nutrition, is resplendent with mushroom stimulating bacteria and yeasts .The above-described formula depends greatly on the starting pH of the peat moss. Generally, the pH of the resultant mixture is 7.5-8.5 after make-up. As the mushroom mycelium colonizes the casing layer, pH gradually falls. For some acid-loving species mentioned in this book, calcium carbonate should be excluded. Typically, this chalk-free mixture gives pH readings from 5.5-6.5. Mix the dry components together in a clean bucket or wheelbarrow. Add water slowly and evenly. When water can be squeezed out to form brief rivulets, then proper moisture has probably been achieved. A 75% moisture content is ideal and can be tested by measuring the moisture lost from a sample dried in a hot oven. Once wetted, the casing is applied to the top of a substrate, but only after it has been thoroughly colonized with mycelium. Casing soils are best used with tray, bag, or outdoor mound culture. Although some of the following mushroom species are not absolutely dependent upon a casing soil, many benefit from it.Those species marked with an"*" are dependent upon soil microorganisms for fruitbody formation. Under sterile conditions, the "k" species will not fruit well, or at all. Typically, a one-inch layer of casing soil is aplaced onto 4-10 inches of myceliated substrate. Agaricus brunnescens* Agaricus bitorquis* Agrocybe aegerita, Coprinus comatus Ganodernia lucidurn, * Gypsum. The Button Mushroom The Warm Weather Button Mushroom The Black Poplar Mushroom The Shaggy Mane Reishi or Ling Chi calcium sulfate, may affect pH by 1/2 of a point. Its pH-altering ability is minor until the sulphur evolves into sulfuric acid. Calcium and sulphur are essential elements in mushroom metabolic processes. If the substrate is lacking in these essential elements, yields are adversely affected. Shiitake, in particular. benefits from the addition of calcium sulfate to sawdust substrates. PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
CHAPTER 21 Growth Parameters for Gourmet and Medicinal Mushroom Species The parameters outlined here are based on the author's experiences over many years of cultivation. Each mushroom species thrives on a limited range of substrates. However, strains within a species are even more specific in their habitat requirements, temperature preferences, and their flushing intervals. Wherever possible, I have identified individual strains so that readers can achieve similar yields. These strains are being kept in perpetuity in the Stamets Culture Collection. Some strains are proprietary and can be obtained by contacting the author through his business Fungi Perfecti. Most species can be obtained from a number of culture libraries such as the American Type Culture Collection. These sources are listed in the Resource section in Appendix IV. To remain competitive, cultivators must continuously search out and develop new strains from wild stocks. Although specific temperature parameters are outlined in this section, some strains will perform better outside of these prescribed limits. In general, rapid PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
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GROWING GOURMET and MEDICINAL MUSHR
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This book should help advance the c
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GROWING GOURMET AND MEDICINAL MUSHR
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CHAPTER 1 Mushrooms, Civilization &
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Immortality (1976) where he postula
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CHAPTER 2 The Role of Mushrooms in
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tive species and planted in plots s
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ducing organ: the mushroom. Further
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fungi first to capture a twig, a bl
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The Global Environmental Shift and
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nm peroxidases and cellulases which
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CHAPTER 3 S electing a Candidate fo
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SELECTING A CANDIDATE FOR CULTIVATI
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N atural CHAPTER 4 Natural Culture:
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NATURAL CULTURE: CREATING MYCOLOGIC
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CHAPTER 5 The Stametsian Model: Per
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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CHAPTER 6 Materials for Formulating
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MATERIALS FOR FORMULATING A FRUITIN
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CHAPTER 7 Biological Efficiency: An
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BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY: AN EXPRESSIO
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CHAPTER8 Home-made vs. Commercial S
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HOME-MADE VERSUS COMMERCIAL SPAWN 6
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CHAPTER 9 The Mushroom Life Cycle W
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Figure 44. Scanning electron microg
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scape, the inycosphere, will give r
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Figure 51. A fully mature basidium.
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posites. The method of spore ejecti
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C ultivating CHAPTER 10 The Six Vec
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floor. After a minute or two, the c
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The best one can hope is that conta
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Figure 60. Storing petri mobile cre
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S terile CHAPTER 11 Mind and Method
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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CHAPTER 12 Culturing Mushroom Mycel
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CULTURING MUSHROOM MYCELIUM ON AGAR
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E very CHAPTER 13 The Stock Culture
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If one has ten or more replicates,
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eads: FVITC P2 11/16/92 C # 0825905
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Figure 87. Rhizomorphic mycelium di
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exemplified by Laetiporus suiphureu
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molds belonging to Penicillium, Asp
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duce odors which humans can recogni
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CHAPTER 14 Evaluating a Mushroom St
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Figure 96. Healthy mushroom myceliu
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EVALUATING sustained. Without secon
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14. Duration between 1st, 2nd and 3
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substantially in flavor. The cultiv
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G rain CHAPTER 15 Generating Grain
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Figure 101. One memod for preparing
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is added proportionately. Whereas t
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grams. 4 cups is approximately a li
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t .,..,..,,,.. ,'"'•• Figure 10
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Figure 111. Grain inoculated with m
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Figure 113. Gallon jars of 3rd gene
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ag resembles those still widely in
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Figure 116. Scanning electron nucro
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F— GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN 145 Fig
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Figure 120. Actively growing myceli
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Figure 122. Inoculating mycelium in
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the norm. The jars normally grow ou
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Figure 124. (Jyster mushrooms out"
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S awdust CHAPTER 16 Creating Sawdus
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Figure 125. Sawdust spawn of Reishi
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Page 177 and 178: CHAPTER 17 Growing Gourmet Mushroom
Page 179 and 180: GROWING GOURMET MUSHROOMS ON ENRICH
Page 197 and 198: C H A P T E R 1 8 Cultivating Gourm
Page 199 and 200: ice, oat and sorghum straws are the
Page 201 and 202: Figure 146. A brick keeps the straw
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Page 205 and 206: spawn is gravity fed or hand broadc
Page 207 and 208: C hoosing CHAPTER 19 Cropping Conta
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Page 211 and 212: Figure 158. The Phoenix Oyster, Ple
Page 213 and 214: Figure 162. The hinged wall-frame
Page 215 and 216: Figure 167. Bouquets of Golden Oyst
Page 217 and 218: Figure 171. By slamming the culumn
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Page 223 and 224: CROPPING CONTAINERS 207 Figures 182
Page 225: CHAPTER 20 Casing: A Topsoil Promot
Page 229 and 230: Figure 188. The Button mushroom (Ag
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Page 233 and 234: other gourmet and medicinal mushroo
Page 235 and 236: INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Gilled
Page 237 and 238: Figure 193.20 days after inoculatio
Page 239 and 240: Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
Page 243 and 244: Harvest Hints: Since this mushroom
Page 245 and 246: The Enoki Mushroom Fkxmmulina velut
Page 249 and 250: GROWTH PARAMETERS 233 aspen, willow
Page 251 and 252: GROWTH PARAMETERS 235 short period
Page 253 and 254: Introduction: Before the publicatio
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Page 261 and 262: Figure 216. Inoculated logs of Kuri
Page 263 and 264: GROWTH PARAMETERS 247 spores of spe
Page 265 and 266: In Japan, H. tessulatus is marketed
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Page 275 and 276: The Shiitake Mushroom of the Genus
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 261 Figure 231 &
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Figure 235. After soaking, logs can
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 265 Figure 240. A
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Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 269 This species
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Figure 249. The "Donko" form of Shi
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When I was a impoverished, near-sta
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 275 nated) for 24
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The Nameko Mushroom of the Genus Ph
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 281 Natural Metho
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The Oyster Mushrooms of the Genus P
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Introduction: Few mushrooms are as
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259. Bottle culture of P. cttrtnopl
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Figure 262. A beautiful clustered b
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oom Kit. ri Pertecti's oyster Musn-
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Figure Wild fruiting of P cystidios
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Pleurotus djamor (Fries) Boedjin se
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 299 studies are c
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Medicinal Properties: Not known to
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Figure 275 and 276. P. eryngii frui
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 309 Pleurotus euo
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 313 Pleurotus ost
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Figure 282. A sporeless strain of P
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Suggested Agar Culture Media: MYPA,
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Spawn Run: Temperature: 75° F. (24
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Plate 1. Fruiting culture of Agrocy
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Plate 7. Flammulina velutipes, the
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Plates 14. Shiitake mushrooms, Lent
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Plate 22. Pleurotus eryngii, the Ki
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Plate 44. Two strains of Ganoderma
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Plate 51. Succulent bouquet of .Mai
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Pleurotuspulmonarius (Fries) Quelet
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Figure 287. F. pulmonarius fruiting
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 327 The Caramel C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 329 Psilocybe whi
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dicinal properties, instead focusin
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The King Stropharia of the Genus St
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Figure 297. Azureus Stamets holding
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 341 room can also
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 343 The Paddy Str
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Figure 303. Soaked straw is thrown
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 349 Figure 312—
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS T he The P
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 353 tude sickness
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 355 Ganoderma luc
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figure 318. U. lucidum (F'orintek's
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Natural Habitat: An annual mushroom
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 361 Figure 323—
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 363 Figures 327
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 367 Natural Metho
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 369 Comments: A s
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 371 form. Microsc
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Iligure 335. Maitake usually truits
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 377 1992, dried M
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 379 Fruitbody dev
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Figure 341. Sclerotia of North Amer
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 385 placed into a
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Lion's
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 389 Description:
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 393 Figure 349. W
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Wood E
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 397 A. polytricha
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS M orels Th
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 403 Figure 357. T
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 405 thousands per
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Figure 363. A Morel primordium form
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Common Names: The Black Morel The C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 413 Figure 372 &
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T e m p e r a U r e (°C) Profile o
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Figure 375. This mycological experi
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Growth Parameters* Spawn Run: Incub
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CHAPTER 22 Maximizing the Substrate
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dergoes another 50% reduction in ma
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CHAPTER 23 Harvesting, Storing, and
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Figure 378. Bouquets of Pleurotus o
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Figure 380. An example of poor pack
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P. a large blower located at one en
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CHAPTER 24 Mushroom Recipes: Enjoyi
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 433 Jack Czarnecki
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 435 Hope & Orson M
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 437 Robert Roselli
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Andrew Weil's Shiitake Teriyaki MUS
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 441 Recommended Mu
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T his CHAPTER 25 Cultivation Proble
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TROUBLESHOOTING 445 small tree frog
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Contaminants localized to point of
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TROUBLESHOOTING 449 PROBLEM CAUSE S
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APPENDIX I Descriptions of Environm
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proof electrical fixtures are essen
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neer systems with mushroom preserva
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APPENDIX II Designing and Building
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DESIGNING AND BUILDING A SPAWN LABO
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APPENDIX III The Growing Room: An E
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MOUTH MUSHROOM-CAVE NEAR PARI& THE
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Many farms employ pass-through curt
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move debris from the feet and enhan
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changes per hour required during th
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After washing, the growing room fee
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APPENDIX IV Resource Directory T he
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Mushroom Book Suppliers Fungi Perfe
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Mushroom Cultivation Seminars & Tra
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 487 Chibougamau
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 489 Nutmeg Mycol
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Centre for Land & Biological Resear
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J. B. Swayne Spawn (215) 444-0888 8
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 495 The Mushroom
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Material APPENDIX V Analysis of Bas
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASIC MAT ERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASI C M ATER
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M AT ER
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APPENDIX VI Data Conversion Tables
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1°F. = •5550 Kelvin 1° F = (.55
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DATA CONVERSION TABLES 517 Miscella
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Glossary A agar: a product derived
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droplets of spore bundles on relati
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mycophagist: a person or animal tha
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metabolic heat released as fungi, b
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Bibliography Adachi, K., H. Nanba,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 529 Chang, S.T. &W.A.
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______ BIBLIOGRAPHY 531 Gormanson,D
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_____1995. BIBLIOGRAPHY 533 Ito, T.
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wheat straw. Mushroom Journal of th
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_____J.A. 1991. Manual on mushmom c
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_____1987b. BIBLIOGRAPHY 539 Royse,
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_____,A. BIBLIOGRAPHY 541 Stijve, T
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543 1993. Boost immunity with medic
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A agaricum 351 agarikon 351 agar me
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ganoderic acids 368 Ganoderma 353,
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N Nuematoloma N. capnoides 237 N. f
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spore germination 100 spore load 24
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Alan Bessette Figures 52, 53 Julie
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