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206 CROPPING CONTAINERS easily shift from colonization to primordia formation. An advantage of this method is that mushrooms, when they do form, arise from the most mature mycelium, at the top of the bottles. Side and bottom fruitings are rare. If the cultivator can afford to make the initial investment of incubating thousands of bottles until the first cycle starts, then the drawbacks are primarily that of lost time and delay in the initial production cycle, but not overall yield. Top-spawning is fast and convenient for bottle and small bag culture, although I see more benefits from through-spawning. Many cultivators in Japan accelerate the colonization process by inoculating the bottles with pressurized liquid spawn. With the natural evolution of techniques, Asian cultivators have replaced bottles with similarly shaped, cylindrical bags. This hybrid method is preferred by many growers in Thailand, Taiwan and Japan. Liquid inoculation of sterilized, supplemented sawdust allows for inoculation methods resembling the high production systems seen in a soda pop factory. With re-engineering, such high speed assembly line machinery could be retrofitted for commerical bottle and bag cultivation. Unless an aggregate-Slurry is used, liquid spawn settles near to the bottom of the bottles. (For a complete discussion of liquid fermentation and inoculation techniques, please refer to Chapter 15). Bottles can be arranged horizontally in walls or fruited vertically. In Japan, bottle culture is the method preferred by many cultivators in the growing of Yamabiko Hon-shimeji or Buna-shimeji (Hypsizygus tessulatus varieties), Shirotamogitake (Hypsizygus ulmarius), Enokitake (Flainmulina velutipes) and Reishi (Ganodernia lucidum). Bottles of various sizes can be used. The most common are between 1 quart (1 liter) and 1 gallon (4 liters). The openings are usually between 50-100 mm. in diameter. Glass bottles are not as popular as those made from polypropylene-like materials. Each bottle is fitted with foiled cotton or an autoclavable lid equipped with a microporous filter disc. After full colonization, the lids are removed, and the surface mycelium is exposed to the growing room environment. Enoki growers often insert a coil of paper or clear plastic to encourage stem elongation. Figure 181. Compacted compost formed to create self-supporting "megablocks" for the cultivation of the Button Mushroom, Agaricus brunnescens. This ingenious, British method of cultivation is being patented. (U.K. Patent #953006987.1) The cavities allow transpiration and prevent anaerobic cores. PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
CROPPING CONTAINERS 207 Figures 182 and 183. Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) fruiting from suspended, perforated, plastic containers. A group of innovative Russian cultivators are refining this method. PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
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GROWING GOURMET and MEDICINAL MUSHR
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This book should help advance the c
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GROWING GOURMET AND MEDICINAL MUSHR
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CHAPTER 1 Mushrooms, Civilization &
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Immortality (1976) where he postula
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CHAPTER 2 The Role of Mushrooms in
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tive species and planted in plots s
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ducing organ: the mushroom. Further
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fungi first to capture a twig, a bl
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The Global Environmental Shift and
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nm peroxidases and cellulases which
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CHAPTER 3 S electing a Candidate fo
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SELECTING A CANDIDATE FOR CULTIVATI
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N atural CHAPTER 4 Natural Culture:
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NATURAL CULTURE: CREATING MYCOLOGIC
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CHAPTER 5 The Stametsian Model: Per
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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CHAPTER 6 Materials for Formulating
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MATERIALS FOR FORMULATING A FRUITIN
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CHAPTER 7 Biological Efficiency: An
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BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY: AN EXPRESSIO
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CHAPTER8 Home-made vs. Commercial S
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HOME-MADE VERSUS COMMERCIAL SPAWN 6
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CHAPTER 9 The Mushroom Life Cycle W
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Figure 44. Scanning electron microg
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scape, the inycosphere, will give r
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Figure 51. A fully mature basidium.
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posites. The method of spore ejecti
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C ultivating CHAPTER 10 The Six Vec
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floor. After a minute or two, the c
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The best one can hope is that conta
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Figure 60. Storing petri mobile cre
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S terile CHAPTER 11 Mind and Method
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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CHAPTER 12 Culturing Mushroom Mycel
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CULTURING MUSHROOM MYCELIUM ON AGAR
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E very CHAPTER 13 The Stock Culture
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If one has ten or more replicates,
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eads: FVITC P2 11/16/92 C # 0825905
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Figure 87. Rhizomorphic mycelium di
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exemplified by Laetiporus suiphureu
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molds belonging to Penicillium, Asp
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duce odors which humans can recogni
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CHAPTER 14 Evaluating a Mushroom St
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Figure 96. Healthy mushroom myceliu
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EVALUATING sustained. Without secon
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14. Duration between 1st, 2nd and 3
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substantially in flavor. The cultiv
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G rain CHAPTER 15 Generating Grain
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Figure 101. One memod for preparing
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is added proportionately. Whereas t
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grams. 4 cups is approximately a li
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t .,..,..,,,.. ,'"'•• Figure 10
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Figure 111. Grain inoculated with m
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Figure 113. Gallon jars of 3rd gene
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ag resembles those still widely in
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Figure 116. Scanning electron nucro
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F— GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN 145 Fig
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Figure 120. Actively growing myceli
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Figure 122. Inoculating mycelium in
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the norm. The jars normally grow ou
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Figure 124. (Jyster mushrooms out"
Page 171 and 172: S awdust CHAPTER 16 Creating Sawdus
Page 173 and 174: Figure 125. Sawdust spawn of Reishi
Page 175 and 176: Figure 129. Dispersing the spawn th
Page 177 and 178: CHAPTER 17 Growing Gourmet Mushroom
Page 179 and 180: GROWING GOURMET MUSHROOMS ON ENRICH
Page 197 and 198: C H A P T E R 1 8 Cultivating Gourm
Page 199 and 200: ice, oat and sorghum straws are the
Page 201 and 202: Figure 146. A brick keeps the straw
Page 203 and 204: Figure 149. Newly constructed, scre
Page 205 and 206: spawn is gravity fed or hand broadc
Page 207 and 208: C hoosing CHAPTER 19 Cropping Conta
Page 209 and 210: onments typically ensue until the p
Page 211 and 212: Figure 158. The Phoenix Oyster, Ple
Page 213 and 214: Figure 162. The hinged wall-frame
Page 215 and 216: Figure 167. Bouquets of Golden Oyst
Page 217 and 218: Figure 171. By slamming the culumn
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Page 221: came a template for the cultivation
Page 225 and 226: CHAPTER 20 Casing: A Topsoil Promot
Page 227 and 228: CHAPTER 21 Growth Parameters for Go
Page 229 and 230: Figure 188. The Button mushroom (Ag
Page 231 and 232: of the surface, the region supporti
Page 233 and 234: other gourmet and medicinal mushroo
Page 235 and 236: INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Gilled
Page 237 and 238: Figure 193.20 days after inoculatio
Page 239 and 240: Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
Page 243 and 244: Harvest Hints: Since this mushroom
Page 245 and 246: The Enoki Mushroom Fkxmmulina velut
Page 249 and 250: GROWTH PARAMETERS 233 aspen, willow
Page 251 and 252: GROWTH PARAMETERS 235 short period
Page 253 and 254: Introduction: Before the publicatio
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Page 261 and 262: Figure 216. Inoculated logs of Kuri
Page 263 and 264: GROWTH PARAMETERS 247 spores of spe
Page 265 and 266: In Japan, H. tessulatus is marketed
Page 269 and 270: I Figure 224. Commercial cultivatio
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Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
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The Shiitake Mushroom of the Genus
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 261 Figure 231 &
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Figure 235. After soaking, logs can
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 265 Figure 240. A
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 269 This species
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Figure 249. The "Donko" form of Shi
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When I was a impoverished, near-sta
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 275 nated) for 24
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The Nameko Mushroom of the Genus Ph
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 281 Natural Metho
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The Oyster Mushrooms of the Genus P
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Introduction: Few mushrooms are as
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259. Bottle culture of P. cttrtnopl
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Figure 262. A beautiful clustered b
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oom Kit. ri Pertecti's oyster Musn-
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Figure Wild fruiting of P cystidios
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Pleurotus djamor (Fries) Boedjin se
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 299 studies are c
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Medicinal Properties: Not known to
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Figure 275 and 276. P. eryngii frui
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 309 Pleurotus euo
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 313 Pleurotus ost
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Figure 282. A sporeless strain of P
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Suggested Agar Culture Media: MYPA,
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Spawn Run: Temperature: 75° F. (24
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Plate 1. Fruiting culture of Agrocy
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Plate 7. Flammulina velutipes, the
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Plates 14. Shiitake mushrooms, Lent
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Plate 22. Pleurotus eryngii, the Ki
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Plate 44. Two strains of Ganoderma
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Plate 51. Succulent bouquet of .Mai
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Pleurotuspulmonarius (Fries) Quelet
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Figure 287. F. pulmonarius fruiting
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 327 The Caramel C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 329 Psilocybe whi
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dicinal properties, instead focusin
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The King Stropharia of the Genus St
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Figure 297. Azureus Stamets holding
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 341 room can also
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 343 The Paddy Str
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Figure 303. Soaked straw is thrown
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 349 Figure 312—
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS T he The P
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 353 tude sickness
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 355 Ganoderma luc
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figure 318. U. lucidum (F'orintek's
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Natural Habitat: An annual mushroom
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 361 Figure 323—
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 363 Figures 327
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 367 Natural Metho
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 369 Comments: A s
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 371 form. Microsc
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Iligure 335. Maitake usually truits
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 377 1992, dried M
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 379 Fruitbody dev
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Figure 341. Sclerotia of North Amer
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 385 placed into a
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Lion's
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 389 Description:
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 393 Figure 349. W
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Wood E
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 397 A. polytricha
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS M orels Th
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 403 Figure 357. T
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 405 thousands per
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Figure 363. A Morel primordium form
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Common Names: The Black Morel The C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 413 Figure 372 &
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T e m p e r a U r e (°C) Profile o
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Figure 375. This mycological experi
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Growth Parameters* Spawn Run: Incub
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CHAPTER 22 Maximizing the Substrate
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dergoes another 50% reduction in ma
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CHAPTER 23 Harvesting, Storing, and
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Figure 378. Bouquets of Pleurotus o
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Figure 380. An example of poor pack
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P. a large blower located at one en
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CHAPTER 24 Mushroom Recipes: Enjoyi
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 433 Jack Czarnecki
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 435 Hope & Orson M
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 437 Robert Roselli
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Andrew Weil's Shiitake Teriyaki MUS
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 441 Recommended Mu
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T his CHAPTER 25 Cultivation Proble
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TROUBLESHOOTING 445 small tree frog
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Contaminants localized to point of
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TROUBLESHOOTING 449 PROBLEM CAUSE S
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APPENDIX I Descriptions of Environm
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proof electrical fixtures are essen
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neer systems with mushroom preserva
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APPENDIX II Designing and Building
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DESIGNING AND BUILDING A SPAWN LABO
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APPENDIX III The Growing Room: An E
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MOUTH MUSHROOM-CAVE NEAR PARI& THE
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Many farms employ pass-through curt
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move debris from the feet and enhan
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changes per hour required during th
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After washing, the growing room fee
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APPENDIX IV Resource Directory T he
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Mushroom Book Suppliers Fungi Perfe
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Mushroom Cultivation Seminars & Tra
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 487 Chibougamau
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 489 Nutmeg Mycol
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Centre for Land & Biological Resear
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J. B. Swayne Spawn (215) 444-0888 8
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 495 The Mushroom
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Material APPENDIX V Analysis of Bas
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASIC MAT ERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASI C M ATER
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M AT ER
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APPENDIX VI Data Conversion Tables
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1°F. = •5550 Kelvin 1° F = (.55
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DATA CONVERSION TABLES 517 Miscella
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Glossary A agar: a product derived
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droplets of spore bundles on relati
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mycophagist: a person or animal tha
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metabolic heat released as fungi, b
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Bibliography Adachi, K., H. Nanba,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 529 Chang, S.T. &W.A.
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______ BIBLIOGRAPHY 531 Gormanson,D
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_____1995. BIBLIOGRAPHY 533 Ito, T.
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wheat straw. Mushroom Journal of th
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_____J.A. 1991. Manual on mushmom c
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_____1987b. BIBLIOGRAPHY 539 Royse,
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_____,A. BIBLIOGRAPHY 541 Stijve, T
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543 1993. Boost immunity with medic
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A agaricum 351 agarikon 351 agar me
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ganoderic acids 368 Ganoderma 353,
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N Nuematoloma N. capnoides 237 N. f
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spore germination 100 spore load 24
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Alan Bessette Figures 52, 53 Julie
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