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146 GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN developed spore-mass inoculation techniques to an industrial level. Only recently have Western mycologists recognized that a large community of spore matings behaves quite differently than paired individuals. San Antonio and Hanners (1984) are some of the first Western mycologists to realize that grain spawn of Oyster mushrooms could be effectively created via spore-mass inoculation. The most aggressive strains out-race the least aggressive strains to capture the intended habitat. Recent studies have shown that these aggressive strains over-power and invade the cellular network of competing strains. Dr. Alan Rayner (1988) in studies at the University of Bath, described this form of genetic theft as "non-self fusions" between genetically different mycelial systems within the same species. This ability to adapt has made fungi one of the most successful examples of evolution in the biological arena. Spore-mass fermentation techniques are not yet widely used by North American or European cultivators. Concern for preserving strain stability, lack of experience, equipment, and intellectual conflict are contributing factors. In mushroom culture, intransigence to new ideas has prevailed, often because the slightest variation from the norm has resulted in expensive failures. Liquid Inoculation Techniques: Mycelial Fragmentation and Fermentation This method differs from the spore-mass inoculation techniques in that the starting material is dikaryotic mycelium, not spores. In short, the cultivator chops up the mycelium into thousands of tiny fragments using a high speed blender, allows the mycelium to recover, and transfers dilutions of the broth into jars or bags of sterilized grain. I prefer this technique as it quickly generates high quality spawn, eliminating several costly steps. Once perfected, most spawn producers find grain-to-grain transfers obsolete. The time not spent shaking the spawn jars frees the cultivator to attend to other chores. Most importantly, high-quality spawn is realized in a fraction of the time of the traditional methods. Step-by-step methods are described in the ensuing paragraphs .The ambient air temperature recommended throughout this process is 750 F. (24° C.). Step l.A vigorous, non-sectoring culture incubated in a 100 x 15 mm. petri dish is selected. This parent culture is subcultured by transferring one-centimeter squares from the mother culture to ten blank petri dishes. In effect, ten subcultures are generated. The cultures incubate until the mycelia reaches approximately 1 cm. from the inside peripheral edge of the petri dish, more or less describing a 80 mm. diameter mycelial mat. Step 2. When the cultures have achieved the aforementioned growth, use the following formula to create a liquid culture media: After mixing and subdividing 750 ml. of the broth into three 1500 ml. Erlenmeyer flasks, the vessels are placed within a pressure cooker and sterilized for 1-2 hours at 15 psi (252° F. =121° C.)* * With experience, the cultivator will likely want larger vessels for fermentation. I prefer a 5000-7000 ml. squat glass flask, into which 2250 ml. of liquid culture media is placed, sterilized, and inoculated with 750 ml. of liquid inoculum. When the liquid volume exceeds 5000 ml. additional measures are required for adequate aeration, such as peristaltic pumps pushing air through media filters. The surface area of the liquid broth should be at least 110mm.! 2000 ml. for sufficient transpiration of gases and metabolic by-products. PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
Figure 120. Actively growing mycelium 6 and 12 hours after inoculation. Stamets' Liquid Culture Media for Wood Decomposers 1000 ml. water 40 grams barley malt sugar 3-5 grams hardwood sawdust 2 grams yeast 1 gram calcium sulfate Place a floating stir bar into each Erlenmeyer flask. The openings should be stuffed tightly with non-absorbent cotton and covered with aluminum foil. The ingredients do not dissolve. The pHfalls between 6.0-6.5 when using nearneutral water at make-up. First, a 1000 ml. Eberbach stirrer is filled GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN 147 with 750 ml. of water and sterilized. Simultaneously, three 1500 ml. Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 750 ml. of the above concoction, are sterilized. After sterilization, the pressure cooker naturally cools. If your pressure cooker does not form a vacuum upon cooling, then the Eberbach stirrer and the Erlenmeyer flasks must be removed at 1-2 psi., before reaching atmospheric pressure. Otherwise, contaminants are drawn in. The slightest mistake with this process could ruin everything that is inoculated downstream. If the pressure cooker does achieve negative pressure, the vacuum must be broken paying careful PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
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GROWING GOURMET and MEDICINAL MUSHR
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This book should help advance the c
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GROWING GOURMET AND MEDICINAL MUSHR
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CHAPTER 1 Mushrooms, Civilization &
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Immortality (1976) where he postula
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CHAPTER 2 The Role of Mushrooms in
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tive species and planted in plots s
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ducing organ: the mushroom. Further
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fungi first to capture a twig, a bl
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The Global Environmental Shift and
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nm peroxidases and cellulases which
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CHAPTER 3 S electing a Candidate fo
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SELECTING A CANDIDATE FOR CULTIVATI
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N atural CHAPTER 4 Natural Culture:
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NATURAL CULTURE: CREATING MYCOLOGIC
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CHAPTER 5 The Stametsian Model: Per
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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CHAPTER 6 Materials for Formulating
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MATERIALS FOR FORMULATING A FRUITIN
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CHAPTER 7 Biological Efficiency: An
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BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY: AN EXPRESSIO
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CHAPTER8 Home-made vs. Commercial S
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HOME-MADE VERSUS COMMERCIAL SPAWN 6
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CHAPTER 9 The Mushroom Life Cycle W
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Figure 44. Scanning electron microg
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scape, the inycosphere, will give r
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Figure 51. A fully mature basidium.
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posites. The method of spore ejecti
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C ultivating CHAPTER 10 The Six Vec
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floor. After a minute or two, the c
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The best one can hope is that conta
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Figure 60. Storing petri mobile cre
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S terile CHAPTER 11 Mind and Method
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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CHAPTER 12 Culturing Mushroom Mycel
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CULTURING MUSHROOM MYCELIUM ON AGAR
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CULTURING MUSHROOM MYCELIUM ON AGAR
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Page 119 and 120: E very CHAPTER 13 The Stock Culture
Page 121 and 122: If one has ten or more replicates,
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Page 125 and 126: Figure 87. Rhizomorphic mycelium di
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Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER 14 Evaluating a Mushroom St
Page 135 and 136: Figure 96. Healthy mushroom myceliu
Page 137 and 138: EVALUATING sustained. Without secon
Page 139 and 140: 14. Duration between 1st, 2nd and 3
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Page 143 and 144: G rain CHAPTER 15 Generating Grain
Page 145 and 146: Figure 101. One memod for preparing
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Page 149 and 150: grams. 4 cups is approximately a li
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Page 161: F— GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN 145 Fig
Page 165 and 166: Figure 122. Inoculating mycelium in
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Page 169 and 170: Figure 124. (Jyster mushrooms out"
Page 171 and 172: S awdust CHAPTER 16 Creating Sawdus
Page 173 and 174: Figure 125. Sawdust spawn of Reishi
Page 175 and 176: Figure 129. Dispersing the spawn th
Page 177 and 178: CHAPTER 17 Growing Gourmet Mushroom
Page 179 and 180: GROWING GOURMET MUSHROOMS ON ENRICH
Page 197 and 198: C H A P T E R 1 8 Cultivating Gourm
Page 199 and 200: ice, oat and sorghum straws are the
Page 201 and 202: Figure 146. A brick keeps the straw
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Page 207 and 208: C hoosing CHAPTER 19 Cropping Conta
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Figure 162. The hinged wall-frame
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Figure 167. Bouquets of Golden Oyst
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Figure 171. By slamming the culumn
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latedsubstrate.An 8-ft. longcolumn,
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came a template for the cultivation
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CROPPING CONTAINERS 207 Figures 182
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CHAPTER 20 Casing: A Topsoil Promot
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CHAPTER 21 Growth Parameters for Go
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Figure 188. The Button mushroom (Ag
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of the surface, the region supporti
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other gourmet and medicinal mushroo
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Gilled
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Figure 193.20 days after inoculatio
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Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
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Harvest Hints: Since this mushroom
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The Enoki Mushroom Fkxmmulina velut
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 233 aspen, willow
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 235 short period
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Introduction: Before the publicatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 24f doors, this m
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Figure 216. Inoculated logs of Kuri
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 247 spores of spe
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In Japan, H. tessulatus is marketed
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I Figure 224. Commercial cultivatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 255 Figures 226 a
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The Shiitake Mushroom of the Genus
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 261 Figure 231 &
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Figure 235. After soaking, logs can
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 265 Figure 240. A
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 269 This species
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Figure 249. The "Donko" form of Shi
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When I was a impoverished, near-sta
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 275 nated) for 24
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The Nameko Mushroom of the Genus Ph
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 281 Natural Metho
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The Oyster Mushrooms of the Genus P
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Introduction: Few mushrooms are as
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259. Bottle culture of P. cttrtnopl
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Figure 262. A beautiful clustered b
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oom Kit. ri Pertecti's oyster Musn-
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Figure Wild fruiting of P cystidios
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Pleurotus djamor (Fries) Boedjin se
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 299 studies are c
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Medicinal Properties: Not known to
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Figure 275 and 276. P. eryngii frui
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 309 Pleurotus euo
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 313 Pleurotus ost
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Figure 282. A sporeless strain of P
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Suggested Agar Culture Media: MYPA,
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Spawn Run: Temperature: 75° F. (24
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Plate 1. Fruiting culture of Agrocy
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Plate 7. Flammulina velutipes, the
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Plates 14. Shiitake mushrooms, Lent
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Plate 22. Pleurotus eryngii, the Ki
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Plate 44. Two strains of Ganoderma
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Plate 51. Succulent bouquet of .Mai
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Pleurotuspulmonarius (Fries) Quelet
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Figure 287. F. pulmonarius fruiting
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 327 The Caramel C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 329 Psilocybe whi
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dicinal properties, instead focusin
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The King Stropharia of the Genus St
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Figure 297. Azureus Stamets holding
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 341 room can also
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 343 The Paddy Str
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Figure 303. Soaked straw is thrown
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 349 Figure 312—
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS T he The P
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 353 tude sickness
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 355 Ganoderma luc
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figure 318. U. lucidum (F'orintek's
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Natural Habitat: An annual mushroom
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 361 Figure 323—
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 363 Figures 327
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 367 Natural Metho
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 369 Comments: A s
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 371 form. Microsc
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Iligure 335. Maitake usually truits
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 377 1992, dried M
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 379 Fruitbody dev
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Figure 341. Sclerotia of North Amer
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 385 placed into a
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Lion's
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 389 Description:
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 393 Figure 349. W
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Wood E
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 397 A. polytricha
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS M orels Th
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 403 Figure 357. T
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 405 thousands per
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Figure 363. A Morel primordium form
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Common Names: The Black Morel The C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 413 Figure 372 &
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T e m p e r a U r e (°C) Profile o
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Figure 375. This mycological experi
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Growth Parameters* Spawn Run: Incub
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CHAPTER 22 Maximizing the Substrate
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dergoes another 50% reduction in ma
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CHAPTER 23 Harvesting, Storing, and
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Figure 378. Bouquets of Pleurotus o
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Figure 380. An example of poor pack
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P. a large blower located at one en
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CHAPTER 24 Mushroom Recipes: Enjoyi
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 433 Jack Czarnecki
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 435 Hope & Orson M
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 437 Robert Roselli
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Andrew Weil's Shiitake Teriyaki MUS
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 441 Recommended Mu
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T his CHAPTER 25 Cultivation Proble
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TROUBLESHOOTING 445 small tree frog
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Contaminants localized to point of
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TROUBLESHOOTING 449 PROBLEM CAUSE S
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APPENDIX I Descriptions of Environm
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proof electrical fixtures are essen
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neer systems with mushroom preserva
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APPENDIX II Designing and Building
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DESIGNING AND BUILDING A SPAWN LABO
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APPENDIX III The Growing Room: An E
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MOUTH MUSHROOM-CAVE NEAR PARI& THE
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Many farms employ pass-through curt
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move debris from the feet and enhan
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changes per hour required during th
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After washing, the growing room fee
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APPENDIX IV Resource Directory T he
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Mushroom Book Suppliers Fungi Perfe
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Mushroom Cultivation Seminars & Tra
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 487 Chibougamau
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 489 Nutmeg Mycol
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Centre for Land & Biological Resear
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J. B. Swayne Spawn (215) 444-0888 8
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 495 The Mushroom
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Material APPENDIX V Analysis of Bas
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASIC MAT ERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASI C M ATER
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M AT ER
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APPENDIX VI Data Conversion Tables
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1°F. = •5550 Kelvin 1° F = (.55
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DATA CONVERSION TABLES 517 Miscella
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Glossary A agar: a product derived
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droplets of spore bundles on relati
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mycophagist: a person or animal tha
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metabolic heat released as fungi, b
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Bibliography Adachi, K., H. Nanba,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 529 Chang, S.T. &W.A.
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______ BIBLIOGRAPHY 531 Gormanson,D
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_____1995. BIBLIOGRAPHY 533 Ito, T.
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wheat straw. Mushroom Journal of th
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_____J.A. 1991. Manual on mushmom c
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_____1987b. BIBLIOGRAPHY 539 Royse,
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_____,A. BIBLIOGRAPHY 541 Stijve, T
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543 1993. Boost immunity with medic
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A agaricum 351 agarikon 351 agar me
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ganoderic acids 368 Ganoderma 353,
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N Nuematoloma N. capnoides 237 N. f
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spore germination 100 spore load 24
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Alan Bessette Figures 52, 53 Julie
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