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144 GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN Figure 118. The termented mycelium is tested for purity by streaking sample droplets across a nutrient media filled petri dish. 48-72 hours later, pure colonies of mycelium (or contaminants) are easily visible. contact with water. (See Figure 116). Immediately upon germination, and as the mycelium grows, respiration cycles engage. Therefore, the liquid broth must be aerated or the mycehum will be stifled. The method most used by the fermentation industry is aeration via oil-less compressors pushing air through banks of microporous filters. The air is distributed by a submerged aerating stone, a perforated water propellor, or by the turbulence of air bubbles moving upwards, as in a fish aquarium. As the mass of the mycelium increases, and as the filters become clogged with airborne "dust," pressure is correspondingly increased to achieve the same rate of aeration. The vessels must be continuously vented to exhaust volatile metabolites. Each Spore-Mass Master can inoculate 100 times its mass. For instance, if one removes a Shiitake mushroom, 4-5 inches in diameter, from ajar of sterilized sawdust, and then places that mushroom into a gallon of sterilized water, the spore-enriched broth, the Spore-Mass Master, can inoculate 100 gallons of nutrifled liquid media. The functional range of expansion is 1:25 to 1:200, with a heavier inoculation rate always resulting in faster growth.After 2-4 days of fermentation at 75°F. (24° C.), a second stage of expansion can occur into enriched sterilized water, resulting in yet another 25-to 200-fold expansion of mycelial mass. Success of the fermentation process can be checked periodically by streaking a 1/10th of a milliliter across a sterilized nutrient-filled petri dish and incubating for a few days. (See Figure 1 18).Additionally, contaminants can be immediately detected through odor and/or through examination of the liquid sample with a microscope. Any gases produced by bacteria or contaminants are easily recognizable, usually emitting uniquely sour or musty and sometimes sickeningly sweet scents. The liquid spore mass inoculum can be ferred directly onto sterilized substrates such as grain, sawdust, straw, cottonseed hulls, etc. If the liquid inoculum is sprayed, even colonization occurs. If poured, the liquid inoculum streams down through the substrate, following the path of least resistance. Unless this substrate is agitated to distribute the mycelium, colonization will be uneven, resulting in failure. Theoretically, the germination of spores in mass creates multitudes of strains which will compete with one another for nutrients. This has been long accepted as one of the Ten Commandments of Mushroom Culture. Scientists in China, whose knowledge had not been contaminated by such pre-conceptions, first PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
F— GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN 145 Figure 119. Expanding mycelial mass using a combination of liquid fermentation and traditional grain-transfer techniques. After fermentation for 3-4 days, 100 quart (liter) jars of sterilized grain are liquid-inoculated. These are denoted as G' Masters. !n 7-10 days, 1000-½ gallon (2 liter) jars are inoculated from these G' masters. These are called G2. Then, 10,000 G3 gallon jars are inoculated from the G2's. Once grown through, 100,000 bags of sawdust spawn can be generated from the G3 jars. Each sawdust bag can be expanded by a factor of 10 into supplemented sawdust, creating 1,000,000 fruiting blocks. At 1-2 lbs. of mushrooms per block, more than 1,000,000 lbs. of mushrooms can be grown from one petri dish in as short as 80 days—depending upon the species and strain. PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
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GROWING GOURMET and MEDICINAL MUSHR
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This book should help advance the c
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GROWING GOURMET AND MEDICINAL MUSHR
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CHAPTER 1 Mushrooms, Civilization &
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Immortality (1976) where he postula
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CHAPTER 2 The Role of Mushrooms in
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tive species and planted in plots s
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ducing organ: the mushroom. Further
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fungi first to capture a twig, a bl
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The Global Environmental Shift and
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nm peroxidases and cellulases which
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CHAPTER 3 S electing a Candidate fo
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SELECTING A CANDIDATE FOR CULTIVATI
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N atural CHAPTER 4 Natural Culture:
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NATURAL CULTURE: CREATING MYCOLOGIC
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CHAPTER 5 The Stametsian Model: Per
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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CHAPTER 6 Materials for Formulating
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MATERIALS FOR FORMULATING A FRUITIN
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CHAPTER 7 Biological Efficiency: An
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BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY: AN EXPRESSIO
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CHAPTER8 Home-made vs. Commercial S
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HOME-MADE VERSUS COMMERCIAL SPAWN 6
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CHAPTER 9 The Mushroom Life Cycle W
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Figure 44. Scanning electron microg
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scape, the inycosphere, will give r
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Figure 51. A fully mature basidium.
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posites. The method of spore ejecti
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C ultivating CHAPTER 10 The Six Vec
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floor. After a minute or two, the c
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The best one can hope is that conta
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Figure 60. Storing petri mobile cre
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S terile CHAPTER 11 Mind and Method
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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CHAPTER 12 Culturing Mushroom Mycel
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CULTURING MUSHROOM MYCELIUM ON AGAR
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Page 119 and 120: E very CHAPTER 13 The Stock Culture
Page 121 and 122: If one has ten or more replicates,
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Page 125 and 126: Figure 87. Rhizomorphic mycelium di
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Page 135 and 136: Figure 96. Healthy mushroom myceliu
Page 137 and 138: EVALUATING sustained. Without secon
Page 139 and 140: 14. Duration between 1st, 2nd and 3
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Page 143 and 144: G rain CHAPTER 15 Generating Grain
Page 145 and 146: Figure 101. One memod for preparing
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Page 149 and 150: grams. 4 cups is approximately a li
Page 151 and 152: t .,..,..,,,.. ,'"'•• Figure 10
Page 153 and 154: Figure 111. Grain inoculated with m
Page 155 and 156: Figure 113. Gallon jars of 3rd gene
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Page 159: Figure 116. Scanning electron nucro
Page 163 and 164: Figure 120. Actively growing myceli
Page 165 and 166: Figure 122. Inoculating mycelium in
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Page 169 and 170: Figure 124. (Jyster mushrooms out"
Page 171 and 172: S awdust CHAPTER 16 Creating Sawdus
Page 173 and 174: Figure 125. Sawdust spawn of Reishi
Page 175 and 176: Figure 129. Dispersing the spawn th
Page 177 and 178: CHAPTER 17 Growing Gourmet Mushroom
Page 179 and 180: GROWING GOURMET MUSHROOMS ON ENRICH
Page 197 and 198: C H A P T E R 1 8 Cultivating Gourm
Page 199 and 200: ice, oat and sorghum straws are the
Page 201 and 202: Figure 146. A brick keeps the straw
Page 203 and 204: Figure 149. Newly constructed, scre
Page 205 and 206: spawn is gravity fed or hand broadc
Page 207 and 208: C hoosing CHAPTER 19 Cropping Conta
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Figure 158. The Phoenix Oyster, Ple
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Figure 162. The hinged wall-frame
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Figure 167. Bouquets of Golden Oyst
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Figure 171. By slamming the culumn
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latedsubstrate.An 8-ft. longcolumn,
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came a template for the cultivation
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CROPPING CONTAINERS 207 Figures 182
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CHAPTER 20 Casing: A Topsoil Promot
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CHAPTER 21 Growth Parameters for Go
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Figure 188. The Button mushroom (Ag
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of the surface, the region supporti
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other gourmet and medicinal mushroo
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Gilled
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Figure 193.20 days after inoculatio
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Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
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Harvest Hints: Since this mushroom
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The Enoki Mushroom Fkxmmulina velut
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 233 aspen, willow
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 235 short period
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Introduction: Before the publicatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 24f doors, this m
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Figure 216. Inoculated logs of Kuri
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 247 spores of spe
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In Japan, H. tessulatus is marketed
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I Figure 224. Commercial cultivatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 255 Figures 226 a
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The Shiitake Mushroom of the Genus
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 261 Figure 231 &
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Figure 235. After soaking, logs can
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 265 Figure 240. A
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 269 This species
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Figure 249. The "Donko" form of Shi
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When I was a impoverished, near-sta
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 275 nated) for 24
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The Nameko Mushroom of the Genus Ph
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 281 Natural Metho
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The Oyster Mushrooms of the Genus P
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Introduction: Few mushrooms are as
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259. Bottle culture of P. cttrtnopl
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Figure 262. A beautiful clustered b
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oom Kit. ri Pertecti's oyster Musn-
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Figure Wild fruiting of P cystidios
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Pleurotus djamor (Fries) Boedjin se
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 299 studies are c
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Medicinal Properties: Not known to
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Figure 275 and 276. P. eryngii frui
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 309 Pleurotus euo
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 313 Pleurotus ost
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Figure 282. A sporeless strain of P
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Suggested Agar Culture Media: MYPA,
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Spawn Run: Temperature: 75° F. (24
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Plate 1. Fruiting culture of Agrocy
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Plate 7. Flammulina velutipes, the
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Plates 14. Shiitake mushrooms, Lent
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Plate 22. Pleurotus eryngii, the Ki
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Plate 44. Two strains of Ganoderma
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Plate 51. Succulent bouquet of .Mai
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Pleurotuspulmonarius (Fries) Quelet
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Figure 287. F. pulmonarius fruiting
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 327 The Caramel C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 329 Psilocybe whi
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dicinal properties, instead focusin
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The King Stropharia of the Genus St
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Figure 297. Azureus Stamets holding
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 341 room can also
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 343 The Paddy Str
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Figure 303. Soaked straw is thrown
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 349 Figure 312—
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS T he The P
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 353 tude sickness
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 355 Ganoderma luc
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figure 318. U. lucidum (F'orintek's
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Natural Habitat: An annual mushroom
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 361 Figure 323—
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 363 Figures 327
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 367 Natural Metho
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 369 Comments: A s
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 371 form. Microsc
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Iligure 335. Maitake usually truits
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 377 1992, dried M
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 379 Fruitbody dev
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Figure 341. Sclerotia of North Amer
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 385 placed into a
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Lion's
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 389 Description:
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 393 Figure 349. W
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Wood E
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 397 A. polytricha
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS M orels Th
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 403 Figure 357. T
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 405 thousands per
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Figure 363. A Morel primordium form
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Common Names: The Black Morel The C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 413 Figure 372 &
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T e m p e r a U r e (°C) Profile o
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Figure 375. This mycological experi
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Growth Parameters* Spawn Run: Incub
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CHAPTER 22 Maximizing the Substrate
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dergoes another 50% reduction in ma
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CHAPTER 23 Harvesting, Storing, and
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Figure 378. Bouquets of Pleurotus o
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Figure 380. An example of poor pack
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P. a large blower located at one en
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CHAPTER 24 Mushroom Recipes: Enjoyi
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 433 Jack Czarnecki
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 435 Hope & Orson M
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 437 Robert Roselli
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Andrew Weil's Shiitake Teriyaki MUS
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 441 Recommended Mu
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T his CHAPTER 25 Cultivation Proble
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TROUBLESHOOTING 445 small tree frog
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Contaminants localized to point of
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TROUBLESHOOTING 449 PROBLEM CAUSE S
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APPENDIX I Descriptions of Environm
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proof electrical fixtures are essen
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neer systems with mushroom preserva
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APPENDIX II Designing and Building
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DESIGNING AND BUILDING A SPAWN LABO
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APPENDIX III The Growing Room: An E
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MOUTH MUSHROOM-CAVE NEAR PARI& THE
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Many farms employ pass-through curt
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move debris from the feet and enhan
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changes per hour required during th
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After washing, the growing room fee
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APPENDIX IV Resource Directory T he
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Mushroom Book Suppliers Fungi Perfe
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Mushroom Cultivation Seminars & Tra
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 487 Chibougamau
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 489 Nutmeg Mycol
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Centre for Land & Biological Resear
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J. B. Swayne Spawn (215) 444-0888 8
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 495 The Mushroom
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Material APPENDIX V Analysis of Bas
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASIC MAT ERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASI C M ATER
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M AT ER
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APPENDIX VI Data Conversion Tables
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1°F. = •5550 Kelvin 1° F = (.55
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DATA CONVERSION TABLES 517 Miscella
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Glossary A agar: a product derived
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droplets of spore bundles on relati
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mycophagist: a person or animal tha
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metabolic heat released as fungi, b
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Bibliography Adachi, K., H. Nanba,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 529 Chang, S.T. &W.A.
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______ BIBLIOGRAPHY 531 Gormanson,D
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_____1995. BIBLIOGRAPHY 533 Ito, T.
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wheat straw. Mushroom Journal of th
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_____J.A. 1991. Manual on mushmom c
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_____1987b. BIBLIOGRAPHY 539 Royse,
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_____,A. BIBLIOGRAPHY 541 Stijve, T
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543 1993. Boost immunity with medic
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A agaricum 351 agarikon 351 agar me
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ganoderic acids 368 Ganoderma 353,
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N Nuematoloma N. capnoides 237 N. f
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spore germination 100 spore load 24
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Alan Bessette Figures 52, 53 Julie
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