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140 GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN Figure 115. The use of heat tolerant plastic bags greatly advanced the practicality of the bulk processing of grain and sawdust. One of the first patents for this innovation was awarded to Guiochon. (U.S. Patent #2,851,821) in 1958. manly for holding non-supplemented and supplemented sawdust.The proper handling of these bags is critical to their successful use. Bags contacting hot surfaces become elastic, deform, and fail. Cunently the industry uses polypropylene or polymethylpentene bags with and without microporous filters. Over the years, a number of patents have been awarded, some long since expired. The use of plastic bags has had a drastic impact on the way many cultivators generate spawn. Numerous patents have been awarded for bags specifically designed for mushroom culture. The earliest patent I can find is from 1958, awarded to a Frenchman by the name of Guiochon (U. S. #2,85 1,821). His cylindrical PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
ag resembles those still widely in use by Asian cultivators. (See Figure 115). In 1963 several similar patents were awarded in London (#985,763; 1,366,777 and 1,512,050). R. Kitamura and H. Masubagashi recieved a patent (#4,311,477) for a specialized mushroom culture bag in 1982. * About a dozen bags are currently available to mushroom cultivators, some borrowed from the hospital supply industry. Cellophane deserves re-examination since it is made from wood cellulose and is completely biodegradable. If problems with seam integrity, tensile strength, and heat tolerance could be improved, spawn bags made of this environmentally friendly material could eliminate the widespread use of throw-away plastics. An advantage of cellophane-like materials is that the mushroom mycelium eventually consumes the very bag in which it has been incubated. Autoclavable bags are inoculated with Grain Masters and are Second or Third Generation. Agar-to-grain inoculation from petri dish cultures to bags is awkward and impractical unless liquid inoculation techniques are employed. (These techniques are fully described later on.) Bags are filled with pre-moistened grain, with the lips folded closed. Some spawn producers use spring-activated clothespins, paper clips, plastic tape, to hold the folds closed. I prefer to simply press the bags together with flaps folded. As the bags are sterilized, the contents exceed the boiling point of water, and gases are released. If the bags are sealed before loading, explosions or "blow-outs"—holes where live steam has vented—are likely. In the standard 18 x 8 x 5 inch gussetted * Other patents, too numerous to list here were also awarded. Many re-designed the seam, the filtration media, and/or sometimes the wording to qualify for a new variation. GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN 141 autoclavable spawn bag featuring a 1 inch filter patch, no more than 3500 grams of dry grain should be used. * 941 pressure cooker can process 50 lbs. of dry rye grain in one run. However, the pressure cooker—with its tightly packed contents—should be kept at 15+ psi for 4-5 hours to insure even and full sterilization. If the grain is first boiled or simmered in hot water before filling, even moisture absorption is assured. Excess water collecting at the bottom of the bags often leads to disaster. If this water is reabsorbed back into the media by frequent shaking orby turning the bags so that the excessively moist grain is on top, the cultural environment is soon re-balanced in favor of mycelial growth. Standing water, at any stage in the mushroom cultivation process, encourages competitors. Many spawn producers add 20-3 0 grams of calcium sulfate to the grain, when dry, to help keep the kernels separated after autoclaving. After sterilization, 2 hours at 15 -18 psi if the bags are separated or 4-5 hours if the bags are tightly packed, the bags are removed and allowed to cool in the pure windstream coming from the laminar flow bench. An alternative is to allow the grain bags to cool within the pressure vessel, provided it is of the type that holds a vacuum. The vacuum is then "broken" by allowing clean-room air to be sucked in. If the pressure cooker does not hold a vacuum, then it should cool within the sterile laboratory to preserve sterility. In either case, I place a presterilized cotton towel, soaked in alcohol, over the vent cock to act as a filter. For equalizing the pressure in a larger autoclave, air passes directly through a microporous filter into the vessel's * Please see formulas on page 130. Spawn incubation bags are available from suppliers listed in Appendix IV: Resource Directory. PDF compression, OCR, web-optimization with CVISION's PdfCompressor
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GROWING GOURMET and MEDICINAL MUSHR
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This book should help advance the c
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GROWING GOURMET AND MEDICINAL MUSHR
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CHAPTER 1 Mushrooms, Civilization &
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Immortality (1976) where he postula
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CHAPTER 2 The Role of Mushrooms in
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tive species and planted in plots s
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ducing organ: the mushroom. Further
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fungi first to capture a twig, a bl
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The Global Environmental Shift and
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nm peroxidases and cellulases which
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CHAPTER 3 S electing a Candidate fo
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SELECTING A CANDIDATE FOR CULTIVATI
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N atural CHAPTER 4 Natural Culture:
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NATURAL CULTURE: CREATING MYCOLOGIC
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CHAPTER 5 The Stametsian Model: Per
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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PERMACULTURE WITH A MYCOLOGICAL TWI
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CHAPTER 6 Materials for Formulating
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MATERIALS FOR FORMULATING A FRUITIN
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CHAPTER 7 Biological Efficiency: An
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BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY: AN EXPRESSIO
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CHAPTER8 Home-made vs. Commercial S
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HOME-MADE VERSUS COMMERCIAL SPAWN 6
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CHAPTER 9 The Mushroom Life Cycle W
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Figure 44. Scanning electron microg
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scape, the inycosphere, will give r
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Figure 51. A fully mature basidium.
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posites. The method of spore ejecti
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C ultivating CHAPTER 10 The Six Vec
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floor. After a minute or two, the c
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The best one can hope is that conta
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Figure 60. Storing petri mobile cre
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S terile CHAPTER 11 Mind and Method
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
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MIND AND METHODS FOR MUSHROOM CULTI
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 12 Culturing Mushroom Mycel
Page 107 and 108: CULTURING MUSHROOM MYCELIUM ON AGAR
Page 119 and 120: E very CHAPTER 13 The Stock Culture
Page 121 and 122: If one has ten or more replicates,
Page 123 and 124: eads: FVITC P2 11/16/92 C # 0825905
Page 125 and 126: Figure 87. Rhizomorphic mycelium di
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Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER 14 Evaluating a Mushroom St
Page 135 and 136: Figure 96. Healthy mushroom myceliu
Page 137 and 138: EVALUATING sustained. Without secon
Page 139 and 140: 14. Duration between 1st, 2nd and 3
Page 141 and 142: substantially in flavor. The cultiv
Page 143 and 144: G rain CHAPTER 15 Generating Grain
Page 145 and 146: Figure 101. One memod for preparing
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Page 149 and 150: grams. 4 cups is approximately a li
Page 151 and 152: t .,..,..,,,.. ,'"'•• Figure 10
Page 153 and 154: Figure 111. Grain inoculated with m
Page 155: Figure 113. Gallon jars of 3rd gene
Page 159 and 160: Figure 116. Scanning electron nucro
Page 161 and 162: F— GENERATING GRAIN SPAWN 145 Fig
Page 163 and 164: Figure 120. Actively growing myceli
Page 165 and 166: Figure 122. Inoculating mycelium in
Page 167 and 168: the norm. The jars normally grow ou
Page 169 and 170: Figure 124. (Jyster mushrooms out"
Page 171 and 172: S awdust CHAPTER 16 Creating Sawdus
Page 173 and 174: Figure 125. Sawdust spawn of Reishi
Page 175 and 176: Figure 129. Dispersing the spawn th
Page 177 and 178: CHAPTER 17 Growing Gourmet Mushroom
Page 179 and 180: GROWING GOURMET MUSHROOMS ON ENRICH
Page 197 and 198: C H A P T E R 1 8 Cultivating Gourm
Page 199 and 200: ice, oat and sorghum straws are the
Page 201 and 202: Figure 146. A brick keeps the straw
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C hoosing CHAPTER 19 Cropping Conta
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onments typically ensue until the p
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Figure 158. The Phoenix Oyster, Ple
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Figure 162. The hinged wall-frame
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Figure 167. Bouquets of Golden Oyst
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Figure 171. By slamming the culumn
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latedsubstrate.An 8-ft. longcolumn,
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came a template for the cultivation
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CROPPING CONTAINERS 207 Figures 182
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CHAPTER 20 Casing: A Topsoil Promot
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CHAPTER 21 Growth Parameters for Go
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Figure 188. The Button mushroom (Ag
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of the surface, the region supporti
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other gourmet and medicinal mushroo
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Gilled
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Figure 193.20 days after inoculatio
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Growth Parameters Spawn Run: Incuba
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Harvest Hints: Since this mushroom
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The Enoki Mushroom Fkxmmulina velut
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 233 aspen, willow
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 235 short period
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Introduction: Before the publicatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 24f doors, this m
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Figure 216. Inoculated logs of Kuri
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 247 spores of spe
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In Japan, H. tessulatus is marketed
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I Figure 224. Commercial cultivatio
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 255 Figures 226 a
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The Shiitake Mushroom of the Genus
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 261 Figure 231 &
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Figure 235. After soaking, logs can
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 265 Figure 240. A
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 269 This species
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Figure 249. The "Donko" form of Shi
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When I was a impoverished, near-sta
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 275 nated) for 24
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The Nameko Mushroom of the Genus Ph
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 281 Natural Metho
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The Oyster Mushrooms of the Genus P
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Introduction: Few mushrooms are as
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259. Bottle culture of P. cttrtnopl
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Figure 262. A beautiful clustered b
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oom Kit. ri Pertecti's oyster Musn-
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Figure Wild fruiting of P cystidios
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Pleurotus djamor (Fries) Boedjin se
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 299 studies are c
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Medicinal Properties: Not known to
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Figure 275 and 276. P. eryngii frui
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 309 Pleurotus euo
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 313 Pleurotus ost
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Figure 282. A sporeless strain of P
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Suggested Agar Culture Media: MYPA,
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Spawn Run: Temperature: 75° F. (24
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Plate 1. Fruiting culture of Agrocy
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Plate 7. Flammulina velutipes, the
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Plates 14. Shiitake mushrooms, Lent
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Plate 22. Pleurotus eryngii, the Ki
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Plate 44. Two strains of Ganoderma
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Plate 51. Succulent bouquet of .Mai
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Pleurotuspulmonarius (Fries) Quelet
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Figure 287. F. pulmonarius fruiting
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 327 The Caramel C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 329 Psilocybe whi
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dicinal properties, instead focusin
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The King Stropharia of the Genus St
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Figure 297. Azureus Stamets holding
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 341 room can also
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 343 The Paddy Str
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Figure 303. Soaked straw is thrown
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 349 Figure 312—
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS T he The P
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 353 tude sickness
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 355 Ganoderma luc
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figure 318. U. lucidum (F'orintek's
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Natural Habitat: An annual mushroom
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 361 Figure 323—
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 363 Figures 327
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 367 Natural Metho
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 369 Comments: A s
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 371 form. Microsc
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Iligure 335. Maitake usually truits
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 377 1992, dried M
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 379 Fruitbody dev
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Figure 341. Sclerotia of North Amer
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 385 placed into a
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Lion's
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 389 Description:
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 393 Figure 349. W
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS The Wood E
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 397 A. polytricha
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INDOOR GROWTH PARAMETERS M orels Th
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 403 Figure 357. T
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 405 thousands per
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Figure 363. A Morel primordium form
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Common Names: The Black Morel The C
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GROWTH PARAMETERS 413 Figure 372 &
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T e m p e r a U r e (°C) Profile o
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Figure 375. This mycological experi
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Growth Parameters* Spawn Run: Incub
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CHAPTER 22 Maximizing the Substrate
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dergoes another 50% reduction in ma
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CHAPTER 23 Harvesting, Storing, and
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Figure 378. Bouquets of Pleurotus o
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Figure 380. An example of poor pack
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P. a large blower located at one en
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CHAPTER 24 Mushroom Recipes: Enjoyi
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 433 Jack Czarnecki
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 435 Hope & Orson M
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 437 Robert Roselli
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Andrew Weil's Shiitake Teriyaki MUS
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MUSHROOM RECIPES 441 Recommended Mu
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T his CHAPTER 25 Cultivation Proble
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TROUBLESHOOTING 445 small tree frog
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Contaminants localized to point of
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TROUBLESHOOTING 449 PROBLEM CAUSE S
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APPENDIX I Descriptions of Environm
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proof electrical fixtures are essen
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neer systems with mushroom preserva
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APPENDIX II Designing and Building
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DESIGNING AND BUILDING A SPAWN LABO
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APPENDIX III The Growing Room: An E
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MOUTH MUSHROOM-CAVE NEAR PARI& THE
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Many farms employ pass-through curt
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move debris from the feet and enhan
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changes per hour required during th
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After washing, the growing room fee
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APPENDIX IV Resource Directory T he
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Mushroom Book Suppliers Fungi Perfe
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Mushroom Cultivation Seminars & Tra
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 487 Chibougamau
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 489 Nutmeg Mycol
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Centre for Land & Biological Resear
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J. B. Swayne Spawn (215) 444-0888 8
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RESOURCE DIRECTORY 495 The Mushroom
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Material APPENDIX V Analysis of Bas
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASIC MAT ERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF B ASI C M ATER
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M ATERI
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C MATERIA
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Material ANALYSIS OF BASI C M AT ER
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APPENDIX VI Data Conversion Tables
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1°F. = •5550 Kelvin 1° F = (.55
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DATA CONVERSION TABLES 517 Miscella
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Glossary A agar: a product derived
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droplets of spore bundles on relati
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mycophagist: a person or animal tha
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metabolic heat released as fungi, b
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Bibliography Adachi, K., H. Nanba,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 529 Chang, S.T. &W.A.
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______ BIBLIOGRAPHY 531 Gormanson,D
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_____1995. BIBLIOGRAPHY 533 Ito, T.
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wheat straw. Mushroom Journal of th
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_____J.A. 1991. Manual on mushmom c
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_____1987b. BIBLIOGRAPHY 539 Royse,
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_____,A. BIBLIOGRAPHY 541 Stijve, T
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543 1993. Boost immunity with medic
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A agaricum 351 agarikon 351 agar me
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ganoderic acids 368 Ganoderma 353,
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N Nuematoloma N. capnoides 237 N. f
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spore germination 100 spore load 24
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Alan Bessette Figures 52, 53 Julie
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