World War 11-Global Conflict Despite <strong>the</strong> heroics <strong>of</strong> such airmen as Lieutenant George Welch, who was credited with having downed 4 enemy aircraft, <strong>the</strong> surprise strike on Pearl Harbor showed <strong>the</strong> limitations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>US</strong>AAF’s preparations for war. The Hawaiian <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Force</strong> lost 66 percent <strong>of</strong> its strength on December 7, 1941, while <strong>the</strong> Japanese lost only 29 pilots. Across <strong>the</strong> International Dateline, Lieutenant Joseph Moore claimed 2 Japanese aircraft <strong>the</strong> next day in <strong>the</strong> skies over Clark Field in <strong>the</strong> Philippines, but General Douglas MacArthur’s air force <strong>of</strong> 277 aircraft, including 2 squadrons <strong>of</strong> B-17s (35 aircraft in all), was destroyed. These greatest concentrations <strong>of</strong> American air power at <strong>the</strong> time had failed to deter or hinder <strong>the</strong> Japanese. At <strong>the</strong> start <strong>of</strong> World War I a solid industrial infrastructure on which to construct <strong>the</strong> world’s greatest air force had not existed in <strong>the</strong> United States. At <strong>the</strong> start <strong>of</strong> World War I1 this was not <strong>the</strong> case. The air- craft manufacturing sector was large and growing daily. Before <strong>the</strong> war, General Arnold had established nine civilian primary flight training schools, two <strong>Air</strong> Corps basic flight training schools, and two <strong>Air</strong> Corps advanced flight training schools. The number <strong>of</strong> trained pilots had jum- ped from 300 in 1938 to 30,000 in 1941 (plus 110,OOO mechanics). On December 7,1941, <strong>the</strong> <strong>US</strong>AAF had a running start and was in <strong>the</strong> war for <strong>the</strong> duration. Arnold planned first for vastly expanded production, training, and resedch, with <strong>the</strong> long-term military interests <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nation in mind. While German factories maintained a one-shift peacetime work week until 1943, American plants ran around <strong>the</strong> clock. Swelled by hundreds <strong>of</strong> thousands <strong>of</strong> women, more than two million American workers built nearly 160,000 aircraft <strong>of</strong> all kinds for <strong>the</strong> Army and 140,000 for <strong>the</strong> Navy and Allied nations during <strong>the</strong> war. America’s aircraft production overwhelmed that <strong>of</strong> every o<strong>the</strong>r nation in <strong>the</strong> world. Altoge<strong>the</strong>r, its fac- tories turned out 324,750 aircraft for <strong>the</strong> war effort; Germany’s factories turned out 11 1,077 and Japan’s 79,123. Where o<strong>the</strong>r nations stopped pro- duction lines to make modifications, or manufactured models long obso- lescent, <strong>the</strong> United States, according to Arnold’s orders, left its factories alone to insure high production levels and established separate depots to modify and modernize older models. Until <strong>the</strong> German Me 262 jet, Ame- rican aircraft set <strong>the</strong> standard for performance and combat success with <strong>the</strong>ir ruggedness (<strong>the</strong> B-17 Flying Fortress, B-24 Liberator, and P-47 Thunderbolt); <strong>the</strong>ir range and bomb load (<strong>the</strong> B-29 Superfortress); <strong>the</strong>ir range, speed, and agility (<strong>the</strong> P-51 Mustang); and <strong>the</strong>ir utility (<strong>the</strong> C-47 Skytrain). Eventually, <strong>the</strong>y were to equip 243 groups, consuming about 21
Devastation and Renewal Pearl Harbor, December 7,1941. Japan’s surprise attack against American naval and air forces, above, at installations on <strong>the</strong> Hawaiian island <strong>of</strong> Oahu, precipitated <strong>the</strong> entry <strong>of</strong> a shocked United States into World War 11. It also set into motion an unprecedented arms buildup as America’s factories, below, churned out weapons <strong>of</strong> war such as <strong>the</strong>se Consolidated Vultee <strong>Air</strong>craft Corporation B-24 Liberator bombers on an around-<strong>the</strong>-clock basis.
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Beginning in March 1985, Soviet Com
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America’s Air War in the Gulf
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2 percent of combat sorties. Their
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Hallion, Richard P. Rise of the Fig