A Concise History of the US Air Force - Air Force Historical Studies ...
A Concise History of the US Air Force - Air Force Historical Studies ...
A Concise History of the US Air Force - Air Force Historical Studies ...
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precision bombing was superior to low-altitude bombing and provided<br />
greater survivability, explosive force, and, ironically, accuracy. (Bombs<br />
released at low altitudes tumbled and ricocheted when <strong>the</strong>y hit <strong>the</strong><br />
ground.) He wrote, “Bombardment missions are carried out at high alti-<br />
tudes, to reduce <strong>the</strong> possibilities <strong>of</strong> interception by hostile pursuit and <strong>the</strong><br />
effectiveness <strong>of</strong> anti-aircraft gun fire and to increase <strong>the</strong> explosive effect<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bombs.” The keys to attaining accuracy from high altitudes were<br />
Carl Norden’s new M-series bombsights, designed under Navy contract,<br />
but destined to equip <strong>Air</strong> Corps bombers beginning in 1933.<br />
At Maxwell Field in Montgomery, Alabama, Major Donald<br />
Wilson and <strong>the</strong> faculty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Air</strong> Corps Tactical School proposed in <strong>the</strong><br />
early 1930s to destroy an enemy’s ability to resist by bombing what<br />
Wilson called <strong>the</strong> “vital objects <strong>of</strong> a nation’s economic structure that tend<br />
to paralyze <strong>the</strong> nation’s ability to wage war and . . . <strong>the</strong> hostile will to<br />
resist.’’ Because <strong>of</strong> America’s opposition to attacking civilians or non-<br />
military targets, this bombing would be aimed not directly at an enemy’s<br />
will, but at <strong>the</strong> machines and industries that supported that will and its<br />
military defenses. The destruction <strong>of</strong> an enemy’s vital industries would<br />
destroy its ability to continue to wage war. Wilson viewed high-altitude<br />
precision bombing as “an instrument which could cause <strong>the</strong> collapse <strong>of</strong><br />
this industrial fabric by depriving <strong>the</strong> web <strong>of</strong> certain essential elements-<br />
as few as three main systems such as transportation, electrical power, and<br />
steel manufacture would suffice.”<br />
The technological innovations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1930s, which so pr<strong>of</strong>ound-<br />
ly inspired <strong>the</strong> ideas <strong>of</strong> Walker and Wilson among o<strong>the</strong>rs, were applied in<br />
particular to <strong>the</strong> large aircraft demanded by America’s airlines, and <strong>the</strong>y<br />
created a curious situation-large bombers flew faster than small fighters.<br />
Thus was born <strong>the</strong> conviction among airmen, as expressed by Brigadier<br />
General Oscar Westover: “No known agency can frustrate <strong>the</strong> accom-<br />
plishment <strong>of</strong> a bombardment mission.” The B-17 <strong>of</strong> 1935 could reach<br />
252 miles per hour at high altitudes, compared with <strong>the</strong> P-26 front-line<br />
fighter, which could not exceed 234. Because speed would allow a<br />
bomber to overcome enemy aerial defenses, strategic bombing became<br />
<strong>the</strong> focus <strong>of</strong> air power development for Mitchell, Walker, Wilson, Wright<br />
Field’s engineers, and such <strong>Air</strong> Corps leaders as Brigadier General Henry<br />
“Hap” Arnold, commanding <strong>the</strong> 1st Bombardment Wing, who labored to<br />
create <strong>the</strong> tactical formations, flying techniques, and organization needed<br />
for this new kind <strong>of</strong> warfare.<br />
Upon <strong>the</strong> recommendation <strong>of</strong> a War Department committee,<br />
known as <strong>the</strong> Baker Board (named for former Secretary <strong>of</strong> War, Newton<br />
Baker), Congress established <strong>the</strong> General Headquarters <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Force</strong> (GHQ<br />
18